1. Status of resistance to glyphosate. Glyphosate is a systemic, chronic broad-spectrum herbicide that inhibits the enol acetone-based valerin phosphate synthase (EPSP) in plant objects, thereby inhibiting the conversion of valerin to phenylalanine and tyrosine. The conversion of tryptophan interferes with the synthesis of proteins, leading to plant death. Due to the excellent herbicidal activity of glyphosate, extensive herbicidal spectrum, low soil residue, long grass control time, and extensive planting of herbicide-tolerant GM crops, it has become the world's number one herbicide. Variety. However, due to the large number of single continuous use of glyphosate for a long time, the problem of weed resistance has become very prominent. At present, the world-recognized glyphosate-resistant weeds include long awns, sputum, scorpion, two-eared grass, goosegrass, small canopy, wild wormwood, ragweed, three-leaf ragweed, Swiss black. Wheat straw, ryegrass, long leaf front, orangutan grass, fake sorghum, and weed-like grass. China's glyphosate-resistant weeds mainly include Jingjing (Zhujiecao), Lishihe (Yangcao), Tianxuanhua, Erqi, Xiaofei Peng, bamboo grass, yellow leeks, Tongquan grass, duck carp Grass, purslane, and so on. Different plants have different sensitivities to glyphosate. Annual weeds such as alfalfa, foxtail, maiden, goosegrass, curly ears, crabgrass, alfalfa, sorghum, swine fever, etc. Gram can effectively prevent; weeds, Xiaofei Peng, yarrow grass, double-headed gar, and other weeds, 75-100 grams of active ingredients per acre; white mullet, reed, fragrant aconite, leeches, bermuda, snake Raspberry, thorny vegetables, wild onions, etc., need to use 120 ~ 200 grams of active ingredients per acre. Although Liliaceae, Leguminosae, and Convolvulaceae have strong resistance to glyphosate, it is also effective to prevent doses. However, some weeds have strong resistance to glyphosate, and glyphosate alone cannot effectively prevent them. These weeds include Tongquancao, comfrey, yellow leeks, purslane, rat grass, and iron leeks. , chicory, and so on, the prevention of these weeds are urgent problems to be solved. 2. The principle of weed resistance to glyphosate (1) Some weeds with waxy surface or milk in the body are often not very effective after spraying glyphosate. In a strict sense, these plants are not metabolized to glyphosate. The resistance can be improved by promoting the absorption of the drug by adding an auxiliary agent or the like. (2) Rhizobium symbiotic with legumes such as alfalfa and peas can break the carbon-phosphorus bond of glyphosate to form a metabolic intermediate, sarcosine, and use it as a phosphorus source for growth, and has glyphosate Very strong biodegradation, so legumes show strong resistance to glyphosate. (3) The resistance of glyphosate to liliaceae plants such as garlic and amaranth is determined by its unique mechanism against glyphosate. The mechanism of action of glyphosate is mainly to competitively inhibit the enol acetone-based valerin phosphate synthase (EPSP) in plants, thereby inhibiting the conversion of valerin to phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan. The synthesis of proteins is disrupted, leading to plant death. In resistant plants, the EPSP synthetase can be overexpressed, and the excess target enzyme relieves the restriction effect of the herbicide binding target enzyme, and has sufficient enzyme activity to meet its own metabolic needs and maintain normal physiological activities. Generally speaking, these plants produce a large amount of EPSP synthase, which offsets the role of glyphosate. Because of the competitive relationship, if the amount of glyphosate is increased and the amount of glyphosate in the plant is increased to a certain extent, so that the plant's own EPSP synthase is insufficient to offset the effect of glyphosate, then these resistances Strong plants can also be tainted and even die. The use of glyphosate for weeding on crops such as garlic has been particularly cautious in production. There have been accidents in the production of garlic that caused serious damage caused by improper use of glyphosate. Especially after use in the low temperature period, due to the weak physiological activity of garlic, the formation of EPSP synthase is slow, and garlic can not form enough EPSP synthetase to offset the effect of glyphosate, so it is harmed by phytotoxicity. 3. Regionalization characteristics of glyphosate resistant weeds The characteristics of weed glyphosate showed strong regionality due to differences in medication habits, that is, the same weed had low resistance in some areas and high resistance in other areas. In some areas, the effect of using 100ml was very good. It is not always possible to weed in 200ml in some areas. Due to the long-term, single use of glyphosate weeding in some areas, resistance to glyphosate-resistant weeds has increased and has gradually become a dominant species. Such as the camel scorpion, reed in the northwest, the compositae weeds near the Liaodong Bay, and the yellow leeks in the southwest. 4. How to reduce the resistance of weeds to glyphosate The data show that as long as there is a commonality in the areas where glyphosate develops resistant weeds, it is repeated and single use of glyphosate, with little or no other weed control methods, especially those for planting grass Glyphosate-based GM crop-based areas. Therefore, targeted improvement of weeding technology is the only way to effectively control weeds and reduce weed resistance. Any weed control measures are to minimize the selective pressure of resistance and prevent the development of resistance. Among them, the prevention of the change of weed community is the key. (1) Improve the dosage form to improve the control effect. At present, sodium salt and isopropylamine salt are mainly used. In order to improve the biological activity, many new surfactants and other auxiliary agents have been studied. The addition of a silicone surfactant greatly enhances the efficacy and is not costly. (2) The development of a mixture of herbicides and a mixture. The first is the mixing with stem and leaf treated herbicides. For example, in the production, glyphosate and phenoxycarboxylic acid herbicide 2,4-butyl butyl ester, dimethyltetrachloride and the like can be mixed, which can not only improve the control effect, but also solve the problem of difficult weed prevention. Followed by the use of soil treatment herbicides. Since glyphosate can only be treated with stems and leaves after weeds are unearthed, it is impossible to prevent unearthed weeds. Therefore, some herbicides (such as amides, sulfonamides, imidazolines) will be treated while spraying glyphosate. Ketones, triazines, etc., can not only prolong the duration of herbicides, but also save the cost of repeated application and reduce the risk of weeds. (3), careful application of drugs, improve control techniques. Improving and improving the application of pesticides is an important part of the use of herbicides. There are still some misapplications, misapplications, leakages, and abuses in production. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide, not a panacea, nor a full-spectrum drug, it kills all weeds. Therefore, due to the application of grass (different use of grass and old grass), reasonable control of the amount of drugs, cleaning of medical equipment, attention to climate and weather (temperature, humidity, wind direction, etc.), etc., are all issues that must be taken seriously. (4) The effect of rotation. The resistance of weeds is due to the large amount and frequent use of glyphosate in the same dosage form, and the rotation of crops can change the target enzyme of herbicides and greatly reduce the occurrence of weed resistance. More pesticide knowledge , please pay attention to China Pesticide Network
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The effect of glyphosate on different weeds at the registered dose:
Better effect
(85% or more) weeds
Valerian, crabgrass, foxtail, goosegrass, thousand gold, see Mai Niang, Japanese look Mai Niang, yarrow, hard grass, bluegrass, wild oats, tall fescue, ryegrass, leeks, wild rape, sorghum , Maijiagong, anti-twig, lacquer, ragweed, dwarf sage, small canopy
Poor effect
(40%-85%) weeds
Bermudagrass, Rice Lee's Wo, Double-eared gar, Regeneration Rice, Buckwheat, White Bean, Pennisetum, Wild Soybean, Wild pea, Wildflower, Iron Amaranth, Purslane, Springweed, Thorns , bitter vegetables, Xanthium, ramie, Dijin, Solanum, sweet potato, alfalfa, sputum, wild sesame, sorghum, sedge, mother-in-law
Very poor effect
(40%) weeds
Reed, white back grass, questioning, black berry, comfrey, yam