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Research and practice have demonstrated that using chemical or organic fertilizers to manage crop pests and diseases is not only economical, safe, and effective, but also reduces the need for pesticides. These methods are known for their ability to nourish crops while being harmless to natural predators and environmentally friendly. As a result, they have been widely adopted in agricultural production.
Nitrogen fertilizers, for instance, offer multiple benefits. Ammonium bicarbonate and ammonia-based fertilizers, which are rich in ammonium nitrogen, are highly volatile and can have stimulating, corrosive, and fumigating effects on pests. They are particularly effective against small, weak pests such as spider mites, aphids, and thrips. The application method involves spraying a 1% solution of ammonium bicarbonate or a 0.5% ammonia solution evenly over the plants, repeating the process every 5 to 7 days for 2 to 3 times.
Urea also plays a role in pest control by disrupting the chitin structure of insects. A mixture of urea, washing powder, and water in a ratio of 4:1:400 has proven effective in controlling pests like aphids, cabbage caterpillars, and red spider mites that affect cotton, vegetables, and flowers.
In cases of wheat rust, spraying a 50% fresh urine solution or a 3% ammonium sulfate solution during sporadic outbreaks can significantly reduce disease incidence.
Phosphate fertilizers also contribute to pest management. For example, the oxalic acid secreted by cotton bollworm moths is attracted to the glandular hairs of cotton plants. By applying a 1-2% calcium superphosphate leaching solution during the adult stage of the cotton bollworm, the oxalic acid is converted into calcium oxalate, reducing its attractiveness to the pests. This method can lower egg counts in cotton fields by 33.3% to 73.4%, with an average reduction of 55%. Each spray session typically lasts 2 to 3 days.
For tomato umbilical rot, caused by calcium deficiency, spraying a 1% superphosphate leaching solution every 15 days starting from the early flowering stage can effectively prevent the disease.
Potassium fertilizers enhance the stress resistance of crops and help suppress various pests and diseases. According to reports, potassium reduced 71% of fungal diseases and 75% of bacterial diseases among 740 and 68 cases respectively, and mitigated 59% of 230 pest species. In practice, wood ash is commonly used as a source of potash for pest and disease control.
The application methods include: 1) soaking 10 kg of plant ash in 50 kg of water for 24 hours, filtering, and spraying the filtrate to kill mites on crops; 2) before planting onions, garlic, or leeks, applying 20 kg of ash per acre at the bottom of the furrow, or 15 kg of ash per acre during the seedling stage of these crops to reduce root mites and increase yield by 15–20%; 3) when wheat sheath blight occurs, applying 30–40 kg of plant ash per acre and removing the base of the wheat plants before morning dew dries to control disease spread. For fruit trees suffering from root rot, digging up the soil around the roots, scraping off diseased bark, drying slightly, and planting 2.5–5 kg of ash per tree can promote new root growth within 1–2 months.
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