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Research and practice have demonstrated that using chemical or organic fertilizers to manage crop pests and diseases is not only economical, safe, and effective but also reduces the need for chemical pesticides. These methods are environmentally friendly, do not harm beneficial insects, and help maintain ecological balance. As a result, they have been widely adopted in agricultural practices.
Nitrogen fertilizers can be particularly effective in pest control. For example, ammonium bicarbonate and ammonia-based fertilizers are highly volatile and possess mild fumigant properties that can deter small pests such as spider mites, aphids, and thrips. To apply, spray a 1% solution of ammonium bicarbonate or a 0.5% ammonia solution evenly on the crops, repeating every 5 to 7 days for 2 to 3 times. Urea, on the other hand, can disrupt the chitin structure of insects. A mixture of 4 parts urea, 1 part washing powder, and 400 parts water has shown good results in controlling pests like aphids, cabbage caterpillars, and red spider mites. Additionally, when wheat rust appears, spraying a 50% fresh urine solution or a 3% ammonium sulfate solution can significantly reduce the disease.
Phosphate fertilizers also play a role in pest management. The oxalic acid secreted by cotton plant glands attracts cotton bollworm moths. By applying a 1-2% calcium superphosphate leaching solution during the adult stage of the bollworm, the oxalic acid is converted into calcium oxalate, reducing its attractiveness. This method can decrease egg numbers by 33.3% to 73.4%, with an average reduction of 55%. Each application lasts about 2 to 3 days. In tomatoes, calcium deficiency often causes umbilical rot. Spraying a 1% superphosphate leaching solution every 15 days starting from the early flowering stage can effectively prevent this condition.
Potassium fertilizers enhance plant resilience and help suppress various pests and diseases. According to reports, potassium reduced 71% of fungal diseases and 75% of bacterial diseases, while mitigating 59% of 230 types of mites. Grass ash, a commonly used potash fertilizer, is effective in controlling pests. For instance, soaking 10 kg of plant ash in 50 kg of water for 24 hours, filtering, and spraying the solution can kill mites on crops. Before planting onions, garlic, or leeks, applying 20 kg of ash per acre at the bottom of the furrow or 15 kg per acre during the seedling stage can significantly reduce root mites and increase yield by 15-20%. When wheat sheath blight occurs, applying 30-40 kg of plant ash per acre and removing the base of the wheat plants before morning dew dries can help control the spread. For fruit trees affected by root rot, digging up the soil, scraping off diseased bark, and placing 2.5-5 kg of ash around each tree can promote new root growth within 1-2 months.
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