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Both
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The importance of tools in machining is not recognized by the top. The machine tool is called a machine tool (MachineTool) in foreign countries. Without a tool, the machine tool is useless at all. Whether a machine tool can achieve efficiency and processing performance, the tool accounts for a considerable proportion.
Although the tool is not as expensive as a machine tool, it is a consumable. In the CNC workshop of Xi'an High-voltage Switch Factory, the workshop has 40 or 50 CNC machine tools, and the annual cost of cutting tools is 8 million yuan. The high-end tools used by users, especially the tools matched with CNC, are basically imported from abroad, such as Shangao, Sumitomo, Wilt and other famous tool companies, which basically monopolize the high-end market in China. It is a big country that produces tungsten powder and exports. Great country.
We are a major abrasive producer, such as corundum, silicon carbide, etc. These are energy and pollution intensive industries, so there are still opportunities to survive in the market. In 2013, sales of superhard materials increased by 12.3% compared with 2012, and some exports However, some high-end products also rely on imports because their quality affects the precision and finish of the final finishing.
The status quo of measuring instruments: automatic measuring instruments are basically monopolized by foreign companies
The measuring instrument is a weak link. The high-end instruments in the measuring room, such as roundness meter, surface finish meter, coordinate measuring machine, gear comprehensive checker and dual-frequency laser interferometer, are all computerized and digitized. Some of its measuring sensors have reached the nanometer level, and can be processed by data. The analyzed objects can be analyzed to find the weak links in the processing. As for the long gratings and circular gratings, they are basically monopolized by the German company Dr.Heidenheim. .
In particular, the automatic measuring instrument is a blank, basically monopolized by Marposs (Italian), CarlMahr (De) and Reinishow (English) in developed countries. In the mid-1960s, the company introduced a complete set of pneumatic measuring instruments and built a new Zhongyuan measuring instrument factory, but did not keep pace with the times and continued to innovate. There is no "eye", no measurement how to judge whether the workpiece is qualified, real-time online measurement and data processing, and there is no problem in the processing process. How to improve the production process?
Status of functional components: quality and quantity cannot compete with foreign manufacturers
Comrade Liang Xunqi, a former director of machine tool tools, and several old experts in the machine tool industry proposed the concept of functional components shortly after the reform and opening up. The functional components include machine tool accessories. This concept has been widely recognized by industry and government leaders.
Although we have some professional manufacturing companies, such as the rolling screw pair produced by Nanjing Craft Equipment Factory with a long history, we can't match the famous foreign manufacturers in terms of quality and quantity, not to mention the professional factories. There are some famous machine tool groups, such as Dalian Machine Tool, Shenji, Hanjiang, which are all research and development of water testing functional components, but it is still not a climate. According to an industry expert, the total production of rolling parts in our country is not as good as that of a Taiwanese company.
As for the high-speed, high-precision, high-load precision and ultra-precision bearings for machine tool spindles, they are basically supplied by SKF of Sweden, FAG of Germany, Seiko of Japan, and Timkin of the United States. Before the reform and opening up, the Harbin Bearing Factory had a high-precision bearing factory specializing in the manufacture of machine tool spindles. The model C-bearings of the type 3182112 (high-precision grade) were produced. The quality is good, and now they are not produced. Is this not the case? Very sad? What is the specialization of socialization? Functional components are required for industrial production. In addition, the industrial chain of production machine tools is also very long, such as hydraulic, pneumatic, electronic control systems, cutting oil, lubricants, who is a domestic high-quality supplier?
Concerns raised: learning from history can be known as
The tools, blades, gauges and functional components used in the mid- to high-end mainframes have to be turned to foreign suppliers. Some comrades said that the current economic globalization, these high-quality features and accessories can be purchased globally, which cannot be said to be unreasonable. But in a step-by-step observation, these basic components and functional components of the machine tool industry are controlled in developed countries such as Germany, Japan, Switzerland, and the United States. Not only do they involve safety, but they also cause a lot of profits to flow out. Do we not need to think deeply?
As for the CNC system and its servo drive that are compatible with CNC machine tools, it has not become a climate. In the late 1950s, we researched and developed CNC systems in parallel with the world. After the reform and opening up, it also adopted the methods of introducing technology and co-production, which laid the foundation for further independent development, and the effect has not been satisfactory so far. I believe that leaders at all levels and related companies have done their best, but they have not succeeded. Some trial production, industrialization can not, the author can not understand, CNC system control in Germany, Germany, Fanuc hands, but also talk about machine power?
Reality is the continuation of history and the beginning of tomorrow. Learning from history can be used to know how to make a difference. It should be said that after the reform and opening up, the government's "tangible hand" has given tremendous support to the machine tool industry in both material and financial terms, but it still seems to be no match for the "invisible hand" of the market economy. Under the circumstance of further comprehensive and deep reform of "the market allocation of resources plays a decisive role", the machine tool industry will face a more severe situation. The leaders of enterprises must have a response plan, pre-planned, and not pre-emptive.
One of the thoughts: mainstream enterprises step into the "big and complete" business model
Affected by the thought of "the hero of GDP" and also the inheritance of the factors of the planned economy era, China's mainstream machine tool enterprises have entered a "big and complete" business model.
Enterprises such as Shenji Group and Dalian Machine Tool Group are representatives of the products of the "Heroes of GDP" era, while well-known foreign machine tool companies are taking the path of small and medium-sized "specialized, new, refined and strong". For example, DMG Group, which is one of the top ten companies in the world, was reorganized by three well-known companies, Deckel, Maho and Gildé„„meister, each of which is three or four hundred people.
The author has visited the Studer company of Swiss high-precision mirror grinders several times a few decades ago, and it is not as many as three or four hundred people. Because the Swiss land is very expensive, there is only a four-storey factory building, and the assembly workshop is located on the fourth floor. After 40 or 50 years, Studer still ranks first in the world.
Recently, a machine tool expert who has just visited Studer from Switzerland said that it is still in this production pattern, or is assembled on the fourth floor, but the technology has developed rapidly. From manual, semi-automatic, automatic, numerical control, to grinding centers, one step at a time.
Why are the gold content of their products so high? Winning the highest loyalty of the world's users, including Chinese users and even machine tool companies as users, China's well-known machine tool companies use the Studer grinder to grind the spindle, the quality is good, and become a trump card. In the "precision machine tool battle" in the 1960s and 1970s, Beijiji took the Studer cylindrical grinding machine as the catching target, and successfully developed the MG1420 high-precision grinding machine with a cylindricity of 1-2 μm and a finish of 14 grades. High-precision coordinate boring machine is famous. Five or sixty years have passed, and some have become people's memories. Now why some aspects are not as good as the past, why are good techniques and good traditions not well inherited?
Machine tool enterprises in Taiwan are also the way to develop in developed countries, so they are also very competitive. The author asks professors, experts, and entrepreneurs to think. The machine tool industry is mainly multi-variety, single-piece, small-batch, batch production, and there is no objective regularity of its own development. The governance structure and governance capacity of this "big and complete" business model is also a problem. This is by no means saying that GDP growth is not required, but not "the hero of GDP". Different industries have different development rules. At present, the reform of the machine tool industry structure is facing a very difficult situation. From people's guiding ideology, personnel composition, and business model have been solidified, people's enthusiasm can not play, where is the reform "pushing hand"?
Thinking 2: People decide the rise and fall of the machine tool industry
The guiding ideology and quality of people, especially leaders, determine the rise and fall of the machine tool industry.
At present, the process equipment of machine tool companies is much better than in the past. For the blessing of the "precision machine tool battle" of the last century, each of the "18 Arhat Factory" was equipped with a Swiss Dixi horizontal coordinate boring machine, placed in the tool workshop, and became the housekeeping treasure of all enterprises, and it is extended to the present. After retiring, the author visited the Dalian Machine Tool Group and learned that during the Cultural Revolution, the tool workshop had been on fire, and the Dixi horizontal coordinate boring machine was later repaired by the brother factories. It is still in use. The coaxiality of the processing hole after turning the turntable is still about 0.01mm, which is a miracle. The original Dixi horizontal coordinate boring machine operators carefully maintained, carefully operated experience passed down from generation to generation, good horses must have good riders, in order to exert their power. Seeing people thinking, the author can't be calm for a long time.
Nowadays, there are many college graduates, master students and doctoral students. The technical team has been greatly enhanced compared with the past. Advanced methods such as CAD 3D design have become common tools for designers. The drawing board and T-square have been eliminated, and the R&D capability can be said to be The development and improvement of the leap is very gratifying.
The author recalls the years when the colleagues in the industry fought together in the 1960s. For example, Zhou Qinzhi, an academician of the Engineering Institute of Shanghai Machine Tool Plant, was the director of the Laboratory Research Laboratory. His academic qualifications were not the highest, but his level was very high. He made a proposal that was very advanced at that time. If the frequency division is replaced by a tape, the speed ratio of the workpiece can be changed arbitrarily, which has revolutionary significance for the worm wheel grinding and gear processing machine.
Today, the problem was solved by CNC, and his dream was realized. He has a large number of technicians and technicians engaged in machine tools, hydraulic parts, electronic control electronics, etc., I call it "Four King Kong", everyone has stunts, can "wen" can "wu", mostly old workers He has been studying at night school for a long time, and the wind and rain are unimpeded. Although the past cultural level is not too high, the level of English is not low and his thoughts are active.
Among them, the mill technician Zhang Meihua (later the director of Shanghai No. 3 Machine Tool Plant) has been studying the super-precision grinding process for a long time and achieved great success. Later on this basis, the design and development of the MG1432 high-precision cylindrical grinding machine was successfully carried out. The "independent intellectual property rights" has become one of the leading products on the machine. Of course, there have been many improvements and numerical control. Due to the historical situation at the time, the “7.21†university (equivalent to the current higher vocational school) of Shanghai Machine Tool Plant cultivated a large number of such talents and established the status of Shanghai Machine Tool Plant as the “Pearlâ€. Now entering the 21st century, it seems that I can't find such an image.
The machine tool industry as a working machine is not exactly the same as the IT industry. It needs to rely on long-term experience to accumulate and develop. Therefore, there are not a large number of scientific and technological workers like Zhou Qinzhi and Zhang Meihua. There are not a large number of technicians and commissioning technicians who have the key types of technical know-how. (At present, the assembly workers will not even scrape, and the contact stiffness of components and components will be guaranteed.) How to ensure the consistency of accuracy? To catch up with the world level has become an empty talk.
Let's take a look at foreign machine tool factories. The key types of work and assembly and debugging technicians are all old technicians who are over 50 years old and have stunts. What about us? I have already retired or transferred to work. This is a great waste of talent. The machine tool industry has not learned from decades of experience to train a qualified technician and technician!
The leaders and decision-makers of the enterprise play a decisive role in the rise and fall of a machine tool enterprise, or because of personal complacency, or lack of understanding of market demand, or fame and fortune, or because of some temptation to resist, quick success, opportunistic, or incomprehensible Confidant, correctly evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of your own company, cause decision-making mistakes, and become a miserable one. As mentioned above, the bankruptcy of Shen San after the reform and opening up, the depression of Jiyi and Nanjing machine tools, now Qiyi (Qizhong) and Qiji face difficulties and the split of Hangji. Recently reported in the newspaper: a good gold square, the business owner sold to Trumpf Holdings 72% and realized. From these phenomena, there are leaders' responsibilities, and even some enterprises are still making mistakes in decision-making in the face of difficulties. In a country where China has a "man rule" tradition, the enterprise is also the top leader, and the defeat is also the number one leader. I wonder if it is right?
Abstract The tool industry is mainly tools, gauges and functional components (including accessories). Although there are some special support for 04, it is weaker than the machine tool. The importance of tools in machining is not recognized by the top. The machine tool is called a machine tool (MachineTool) in foreign countries, no...
The tool industry is mainly tools, gauges and functional components (including accessories). Although there are some special support for 04, it is weaker than the machine tool.