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With the rapid growth of the aquaculture industry, finding sustainable and cost-effective feed sources has become a critical challenge for many farmers. Unfortunately, a significant amount of green feed is wasted—either burned or left unused after drying, which not only leads to resource loss but also harms the environment. A practical solution to this issue is to convert crop residues into silage, a method that turns green forage into high-quality animal feed.
Silage is made from fresh grass, corn stalks, wild plants, and other green feeds. This process preserves the original nutrients while improving the taste and digestibility of the feed. Silage can be stored for long periods with minimal nutrient loss, requires less space, and is easy to produce and use. It has a pleasant sour-sweet aroma, is rich in nutrients, and helps improve the feed conversion rate. This makes it an ideal solution for livestock during the winter and spring seasons when fresh green feed is scarce, ensuring their healthy growth and increasing breeding success.
To make silage, a proper silo must be constructed. The location should be on elevated ground with solid soil, low groundwater levels, and away from ponds or pits. The silo can be round or rectangular, built with bricks or stones, and sealed with plastic film to create an anaerobic environment. This allows lactic acid bacteria to ferment the material effectively.
The moisture content of the green feed should be around 60%. When preparing, the materials are layered on a concrete base and compacted using machinery. It's important to remove air pockets to encourage fermentation. The center of the pile should be slightly higher than the edges, forming a dome shape. Once completed, the pile is covered with plastic film and then sealed with a layer of soil at least 30–40 cm thick. If the pile sinks or cracks, additional soil should be added promptly to prevent water leakage.
After about 30 days of fermentation, the silage is ready for use. Before feeding, check the quality: if the feed is yellow-green and has a sweet or fruity smell, it’s successfully fermented. However, if it smells moldy or foul, it should not be used to avoid poisoning animals.
When feeding, always keep the silage fresh and use it as needed. Any leftover feed should be stored properly to avoid spoilage. In winter and spring, the temperature is higher, so once opened, the silage should be used quickly, as it can easily lose its flavor.
In cases where silage is frozen, it should be thawed before feeding. Silage has a mild laxative effect and should not be fed exclusively, especially to pregnant animals, as it may cause miscarriage. If the silage is too acidic, you can neutralize it by adding 3–5% lime milk or 9–10% baking soda solution, mixing it well with 10–20% of the silage weight. After neutralization, it can be safely fed again. Always cover the silage after each use to protect it from rain and snow, preventing mold and deterioration.