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Genetically modified foods have sparked widespread public interest. However, the list of genetically modified foods circulating online is often unreliable and misleading. Are some of the so-called "identification methods" for genetically modified crops accurate? Which genetically modified crops have been officially approved by the government for production or import? To address these questions, a reporter from the *People's Daily* "Verification" column interviewed the Ministry of Agriculture and experts in the field.
What genetically modified crops are currently available in China?
According to the response, four crops—cotton, rice, corn, and papaya—have received safety certification. However, only cotton and papaya are commercially cultivated. Xie Jiajian, an associate researcher at the Plant Protection Institute of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, explained that the approval process involves rigorous reviews by the Agricultural Genetically Modified Organism Safety Committee and is based on applications submitted by researchers. The information about these approvals is publicly available on the official website of the Ministry of Agriculture.
Receiving a safety certificate does not automatically mean a crop can be commercialized. As Xie Jiajian noted, under the *Seed Law of the People’s Republic of China*, genetically modified crops must also obtain production licenses and operating permits before they can be grown commercially. This ensures that all regulatory requirements are met before any GM crop enters the market.
Currently, genetically modified rice and corn have not yet been approved for commercial use. Only cotton and papaya are being grown commercially in China. Additionally, several GM crops, including soybeans, corn, canola, cotton, and sugar beets, are approved for use as raw materials in processing, but they must first pass China’s safety certification process.
China has established a comprehensive regulatory framework for genetically modified organisms, including rules for import safety, examination and approval, inspection and quarantine, and labeling. Local agricultural departments oversee domestic GMOs, while the State Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine (AQSIQ) handles imported products. These systems are well implemented, and labels are clearly displayed.
Are cherry tomatoes, peppers, pumpkins, and cucumbers genetically modified?
Experts disagree with the idea that these common vegetables are genetically modified. Wang Zhixing, a researcher at the Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, pointed out that small tomatoes, commonly known as cherry tomatoes, have existed for centuries. Their small size is due to natural genetic variation, not genetic modification. Similarly, Wu Gang, an associate researcher at the Institute of Petroleum Research, explained that small pumpkins and gherkins are simply immature fruits, and would grow larger if left to mature. The color of peppers, for example, comes from natural variations in anthocyanins, which are common in plants.
Wu Gang added that many fruits and vegetables, such as red watermelons and colored bell peppers, are naturally occurring varieties. Color changes in plants, like those seen in carrots or radishes, are the result of traditional breeding, not genetic modification. In fact, most of these traits are achieved through conventional breeding techniques, which are more cost-effective than genetic engineering.
Although transgenic tomatoes and sweet peppers have been developed, they have not been widely adopted. For instance, transgenic tomatoes with longer shelf life were once popular, but non-transgenic alternatives have since replaced them. In China, GM tomatoes have already exited the market, and no new GM tomato varieties have been approved for commercial cultivation globally since 1998.