(Hebei Institute of Ceramics, Handan 邯郸 200 200 200 200 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸 邯郸During the Tang and Song Dynasties there were many famous ceramic kiln and kiln systems. Cizhou Kiln is the largest civilian kilns in China with the largest scale of production. Its kiln site is located in Pengwa Town, Handan City, Hebei Province, and Guantai Town, Ci County. In the Song, Jin and Tang dynasties, Cizhou kiln ceramic products had the most national style and local characteristics. The product series included makeup white porcelain, black porcelain and low-temperature color ceramics, etc., followed by sculpting flowers, ticking flowers, black and white flowers, and pearls. , Song Sancai, green glaze and red and green color ceramics and other ten kinds of decorative techniques to make a variety of patterns, but also adds the beauty of the product. Ceramic products in Pengzhou Cizhou kiln, as the most commonly used household appliances used daily by the people in Northern China, have long been satisfied not only with the needs of the domestic people, but also have been favored. They have also traveled abroad through the Silk Road and marine ceramics. The representative porcelain manufacturing techniques and decorative techniques are popular in Hebei, Henan, Shanxi, Shandong, Anhui, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, etc. The north spreads to Japan, North Korea, Thailand, Vietnam and other countries, has an important impact, and thus has been the international ancient The ceramic research community is known as the "Cizhou kilns system." The characteristics of the 2 Guan Kilns and Civil Kilns In the history of Chinese ceramics, there have been many famous porcelain kilns in various places. However, many porcelain kilns, especially Guan Kilns, have been destroyed by wars or declined. The change of the dynasty has had a very short period of time.Cizhou kiln folk porcelain kiln can continue to produce so far, the reason is mainly due to the ancient Cizhou kiln products for the people, the production of civil ceramic products and the people's life is closely related.Secondly, due to its Non-governmental management system can make its own development generally follow the law of commodity production, and it avoids various factors, including the debilitating effects caused by the wars of successive generations, and continues to maintain production. In addition, the Cizhou kiln product itself has strong practicality. Sex, decorative and productive are its main features. China's Guan Kiln appeared in the Song Dynasty as the famous five porcelain kilns of "Sui, Sui, Guan, Ge and Ding." After many years of research by experts, the characteristics of most of the official kiln sites and products have been clarified. This kind of official kilns is in principle sent directly by Gong Yan to be responsible for the operation and management. The government allocates funds, calls skilled ceramic craftsmen, selects the best raw materials, and specializes in the production of pottery for use only by the members of the emperor. The type and ornamentation are based on the palace extension and dignity, the device type is more like gold and silver, copper and jade, and the glaze is used to pursue the esoteric and secret colors. It is often decorated with patterns such as dragons and phoenixes. The workmanship is extremely exquisite. However, the style and appearance of the official kiln products are more than adequate, and the practical function is slightly insufficient. These official kiln products occasionally rewarded the Minister of Civil and Military Affairs or as a gift to foreign tributaries. However, they are forbidden to flow into the public, and they are not even allowed to imitate official kiln type and decoration. A few years ago, the unearthed officials and porcelain officials and officials. The seven beautiful red glazes and azure glazes have never flowed into the private sector in the past, and some have only stayed in the vast historical records. Chinese ancient Guan Kilns have produced a large number of exquisite products, but they are not circulated as commodities. The field, therefore, does not have the nature of commodity production. From the perspective of the operating system and product circulation of Guanyao, it is obviously a category of self-sufficient natural economy. Because of the different tastes of the emperors in different eras, the lifespan of the official kiln in history is extremely short-lived. Often abandoned in the transition of the dynasty. Due to the strict shackles of secrecy, many exquisite porcelain techniques have been lost. In parallel with the official kiln system, civilian kilns are scattered all over the country. Cizhou kilns have the largest production scale and are most representative. The ceramic production of Cizhou Kiln belongs to the private management system. It organizes production according to the living needs of the common civilians. It does not receive government investment and is basically operating on its own responsibility. The products produced are sold to consumers in the form of commodities. Therefore, only To meet the market demand in order to survive and develop. Cizhou Kiln has a wide range of ceramic products, including bowls, plates, dishes, pots, water bottles, pots, jars, jars, altars, porcelain, bottles, oil lamps, porcelain pillows, toys and other daily necessities, as well as Buddhist altars and ceramic pots. , incense burners and architectural tiles, ridge beasts, etc. In short, what needs to be used by the people, what it produces, so the products sell well and the output is huge. After the peak of the Song, Jin, and Yuan Dynasties exhibitions, in the Yuan, Ming, and Qing Dynasties, the central kiln site of the Cizhou Kiln, Pengcheng Township, already had hundreds of large gong kilns and engaged in the production of ceramic products and became the famous northern magnetic city. 3 Commodity features of Cizhou Kiln Ceramics Cizhou Kiln products are very rich in commodity types. In addition to inheriting the excellent shape features of each kiln, many new shapes and new styles have been created, and the features of practicality and ease of production have been embodied. The plum bottles of the Cizhou kiln of the Song Dynasty belonged to the porcelain used for holding wine. The water part of the body was mostly in the shape of cubes and spheres to increase the space used. The center of gravity of the subject was taken into consideration during designing. At the same time, the shape of the entire device body is beautifully formed, so that the whole plump bottle is in an upright, plump and elegant appearance. In the Yuan Dynasty, the Cizhou Kiln was a white porcelain bowl with a thick body. The bowl foot was tall and generous and was easy to hold. The shape of the bowl was made into a lip, which made the lips and bowls of the consumer's mouth feel comfortable. This type of device is very suitable for northern China. Focus on pasta and enjoy hot food habits. Porcelain pillow is a large product series of Cizhou kiln. In ancient times, people used to cool, but also used as a lighter. Cizhou kiln porcelain pillow silver ingot, Ruyi, bean shape, and box shape, modeling is very clever. However, the occipital surface of the head contacting the person is made into a concave surface, which makes the pillow comfortable. Another example is the folk lamp used in ancient times as a lighting device, oil storage tank for the ball can be more fuel storage, bamboo tip-like nozzle extension is very long, the end of the hand will not be hot, the placement is also very smooth, is another practical product typical. The appliance design of Cizhou Kiln ceramic products meets the practicality of products and also fully considers the productivity. Such as the use of local materials as much as possible, rough material fine to do, reduce unnecessary attachments on the artifacts, simplify the production process. And successfully using a unique kiln, firing technology, high efficiency, large quantities of a successful. This will not only reduce the production of the product, but also make it easier to keep the product competitive at a lower selling price. Cizhou Kiln ceramic products attaches great importance to decorative beauty, increase the value of the commodity, and establish the artistic style of the product. It draws on Chinese ancient painting, embroidery, gold and silver carvings, stone carvings and other artistic expression methods. It uses common tools such as bamboo knife, iron knives, combs, brushes, and stamps, or scribes, ticks, or paints black. Color, red and green color, or Shi Huang, green, blue, black, black and other color glaze, in the product decorated with the folk favorite peony, lotus, chrysanthemum, roll grass, fish and insects birds, birds and animals. Characters, such as landscapes and religions, created a batch of motifs that were popularized at that time. The skillful Cangzhou Kiln painter draws patterns on his chest, and the dragon walks with snakes. It is all in one go, and many lively and vivid patterns are ready to come. Such as the butterfly pattern painted in the flowers play, the group dance. In the porcelain basin, the algae pattern is very high. The algae are driven by the water and roll over. The fish's fins swim in the algae, which is vivid. Cizhou kiln pattern art is rooted in the folk, and many of the folk customs of patterns are deep and profound. If the lotus was originally a Buddhist holy flower, it became a lotus leaf supporting two blooming lotuses in the pattern of the Cizhou kiln, and used the life of a man to “sew the sludge without infecting the innocence and purity. The peony symbolizes people’s prosperity. In the pursuit of happiness and beauty, Daisy expresses her fear of violence, cleanliness and self-satisfaction.Fish patterns mean that every year is rich, food and clothing are abundant, and turtles and cranes symbolize longevity.The vortex pattern expresses vigorous vitality and Buddhism thought of regenerating rims. In addition, there are many patterns that reflect children's lives. For example, children with fishing rods, ducks with children, birds, birds, cricket balls, and horses, horses, etc., are innocent and lively. They are full of a rich natural flavor and liveliness. They also show ancient times. The kindness of loving children. The ceramic products of Cizhou Kiln have written the names of restaurants, restaurants and restaurants according to the customer's requirements. For example, many porcelain bottles contain the names of restaurants or shops, such as “Drinking House†and “Tai Pingâ€, or they write “Pizzaâ€. The business name of Xiang Xiang and Zhao Cai Li can be described as services. Such a rich array of decorative patterns and sample processing, to meet the aesthetic and business requirements of consumers at that time, but also greatly enhance the added value of the product. These practical and beautiful ceramic products will inevitably attract many consumers. The Cizhou Kiln potters engaged in the production of ceramic products have had a strong sense of commodities. In their minds, the product was made in order to be able to sell it back in exchange for money. This awareness is also revealed in their products. In the past six months, Pengcheng Township unearthed a Yuancai Baicai Wenyin spindle-shaped pillow, and the pillow surface was written with a phrase for Xijiang Yue: "Since the Regulus, the Braun has set up a magnetic kiln, which is the most clear-cut for the people. After exhausting the earth machine skillfully, the wide pool was demolished and the dust was fine, all the equipment boxes could be burned, and the guests from all quarters came to earn money. The pieces were converted into money notes. "It shows that the Cizhou kiln potters praised their products for a long time. Superb craftsmanship, praised by the general public, the variety is complete, what kind of artifacts can be made, the products are being bought by customers around the place, and all products are exchanged back to the pride mood. Some of the porcelain bowls unearthed in Pengcheng have some words such as “banknotes†and “goldâ€5, which truly reflect the commodity consciousness of the potters. Some of the production tools are also engraved with “refining treasure,†which also reflects the thoughts and feelings of potters when they engage in the production of goods. In order to maintain their reputation, proprietors of Cizhou Kiln advertise and promote their products, and they also use the practice of stamping and labeling products. The porcelain kilns in the vicinity of Guantai District produced a lot of exquisite pillow products. The bottom of these porcelain pillows are often stamped with “Zhang Jia Zaoâ€, “Zhang Jia Yaoâ€, and “Zhang Jia Pian†stamps. There are vertical or horizontal types, and there are Yang Wen. There are also indecent texts, styles for official or regular script. According to the test, there is a tag section “Zhang Jiazao†that used the time from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty, and it has been used for as long as 300 years. In addition, the kiln mouths include the names of workshops such as "Pan Yuan Wang Jia Zhu", "Li Jia Zao", "Liu Jia Ci Qi" and "Shen Jia Kiln". It can be seen that at that time, each porcelain kiln had expanded its own sales range and won the fierce competition in commodities, and it had already learned how to use this trademark and advertising. In short, lyricizing the product or stamping the mark on the product reflects the commodity awareness and business strategy of the Cizhou kiln potters and operators. This unique practice is difficult to see in other porcelain kiln products, and The history of world commodity distribution is also a leading move. In the 20th century, in the 1920s, a group of ceramics from the Song Dynasty kiln of the Song Dynasty was unearthed from Julu, Hebei Province. It was written with the words: "The Grand View Two-year Wuzi Buy on April 4th," "Make Money for 30 Texts," and Yuanyou August 10th. Buy on the 9th, money, fifty texts. These are the inscriptions of consumers after they purchased ceramic products from Cizhou Kiln. They are worthy of attention when studying the scope and price of the products. With the continued strong sales of Cizhou Kiln ceramic products, Pengcheng Township in the north of China witnessed a boom in the kilns, which led to the emergence of intensive sales channels and ceramic bazaars. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there were several kilometers of ceramics sales streets in Pengcheng, among which the most famous were “Bowling Street†and “Casserole Laneâ€. Bowl City Street mainly sells bowls, plates and other daily-use ceramic products, and casserole lanes sell coarse stoneware such as casseroles and sand pots. Now there are still many buildings in the Qing Dynasty, and in ancient times, ceramic products were sold. According to historical records, in the past, "Municipal City, Japan, and Magnetic Store, Morita, the magnetic rickshaw that was sent daily, head-to-tail connection, the fish is interspersed, the city is seamless," and it resembles the shoulders and wheels. The town’s ceramic products were sold here to wholesalers in Beijing and Tianjin, or to merchants, and then sold to more than a dozen provinces and cities in the north by land and Xiangyang River. Due to the market-based sales of Cizhou kiln, the Baishi Street, which has emerged as a bazaar, has gathered hundreds of porcelain stores for customers to purchase goods from each porcelain kiln. They shop around and buy inexpensive goods. At the same time, due to contact with each other, all kinds of information transfer between the operator and customer of the kiln are accelerated, and the feedback of product information speeds up the renewal of kiln products and stimulates the development of the ceramic industry. In ancient times, Pengcheng also organized various folk cultural activities including the festival of kiln worship, watching dramas, and performing arts of potters, etc., by holding the annual "Tao God Festival" (or "Kiokami Festival"). Through the celebration of Pottery Festival to attract foreign customers and consumers to negotiate business and conduct extensive ceramic product and production technology exchanges, this form of local cultural activities publicizes Cizhou Kiln ceramic products, and today's "cultural setup, economical opera" The development of economic strategies is very similar. In the north, there is such a famous saying: "Thousands of miles of Pengcheng, Jinjindoujin" truly reflects the prosperity of the ceramic market in the ancient Cizhou Kiln. The private management system adopted by the famous kilns has focused on reflecting the practical, aesthetic and productive characteristics of ceramic products, as well as the early use of promotional products and bazaar-style sales strategies at the bottom. We still need to conduct deep research and we can make mistakes. Kam. ' 0 Anfeng Magnets Manufactruing Co.,Ltd , https://www.anfengmagnetics.com