Table 1 Some Two Porcelain Materials for Tubular Engines The current research on ceramic materials has reached a considerable level, applied in many industries, such as on internal combustion engines, made of ceramic materials. Turbocharger rotors, rocker inserts, exhaust pipe coatings for adiabatic engines, piston tops and valve stem tips. China started in the 1980s, research and development is also very fast, and the attempt of adiabatic diesel engine was carried out. Nowadays, the research on ceramic materials in our country is more profound. This article discusses the application of ceramic materials on motorcycle engines. 1 Engine application Ceramic material Ceramic material is a non-metal, low thermal expansion coefficient, small mass, small friction factor, little wear, good thermal insulation performance, and high strength over metal, but poor toughness and poor thermal conductivity. Recent research and development shows that the impact resistance of ceramic materials is greatly improved. With the addition of microfibres, the toughness is greatly improved, and the addition of metal particles can have good conductivity. It is beneficial to make parts with strong reciprocating motion and strong vibration force, and is particularly suitable for application to automobile and motorcycle engine parts. Some of the commonly used ceramic materials are shown in Table 1.2. Methods of Forming Ceramic Layers There are four main methods for forming ceramic layers: plasma spraying, ion-plating (PCVD), ceramic brazing, and ceramic inlaying. Here's a brief description of their craft. 2.1 Plasma spraying method Before spraying ceramics, the outer surface of the coated workpiece is first sprayed with a layer of metal transition layer; before the spraying, the workpiece is preheated to 100 to make it on the special fixture for speed circle or reciprocation, so as to guarantee the uniformity of the coating thickness. The use of plasma equipment in the operation of the high temperature generated by the plasma flow, so that the ceramic coating material melting and subsonic or supersonic speed of the molten ceramic particles sprayed on the surface of the coated workpiece to form a close and detailed coating. After spraying, correct the molding according to the technical requirements of the coated workpiece. The sprayed ceramic materials include Cr3C2, Cr203, WCCo (w(Co)=25%), and the thickness of the coating is determined according to needs. The motorcycle technology 2002/03 ion bond film method is called plasma chemical vapor deposition and the deposition of TiN is described here. The gases used were H2, N2, and TiCU, which formed a TiN coating below the tempering temperature of the plated workpiece under low-pressure glow discharge conditions. It is characterized by a uniform coating, a low reaction temperature, and a simple device structure. The principle is that the gas is ignited under the appropriate pressure and negative bias conditions to produce a glow discharge and the gas is ionized into a low temperature plasma. In the low-temperature plasma, the electron temperature is 1415K (110eV) and the positive ion temperature is 100K. The high-energy electrons collide with the gas in an inelastic manner. The gas molecules dissociate, excite and ionize to form high-energy neutral particles, excited atoms, metastable atoms and gases. Ions, etc., increase the energy of the reaction gas and its atoms in the vacuum chamber. Since the TiN formation process undergoes many intermediate metastable processes, the activation energy required for the dissociation and combination of gas molecules will be reduced, so that the reaction temperature is lowered. PCVD technology to achieve TiN coating, it has strong adhesion strength with the substrate, the thickness of 2.53.8Mm, hardness of 21002350HV. 2.3 ceramic brazing method It is in the metal body and ceramic body between the active silver welding Uranium, a method of brazing in an oven. 2.4 Ceramic Inlaying Method It is made of ceramics as required by the requirements of block-shaped objects, cast into one with the parts to be made, solid and reliable, and finally processed according to the requirements of the parts forming. 3 Application of ceramic materials to motorcycle engines Currently, the development of ceramic materials has been applied in part to Suzuki, Yamaha and Kawasaki's two-stroke motorcycles, water and snow motorcycle engines; China also has motorcycle engines application. Here are a few examples of applications on motorcycle engines. 3.1 Ceramics Applied to Pistons Pistons made of ceramic-fiber-reinforced aluminum matrix composites are a new technology. They have good wear resistance, good heat resistance, small thermal expansion coefficient, good conductivity, and low mass. The performance of ceramic fiber-reinforced aluminum matrix composites generally increases with increasing ceramic fiber content, but cutting is more difficult. The piston base body is ZL109 phosphorus modified eutectic silicon aluminum alloy. The reinforcing material is Cr203 ceramic fiber, and its diameter is 4~8 length 50~80Mm. The volume fraction of ceramic in the ceramic fiber blank is 15% 25%. The finished product is very effective. See. The fiber type, diameter, shape, number, distribution and orientation of the composite material can change the properties of the composite material in a wide range, so that the performance of the piston can be improved. Pottery 8; fiber-reinforced aluminum-based composite materials Reinforce the quality of the piston composite prefabricated parts is the key to strengthen the performance of the piston, the preheating temperature of the preform is an important factor in the interface bonding of aluminum-based composite materials, and it must be strictly controlled. Different casting methods determine different casting and heat treatment dies. Art, using pressure casting better. With gravity, there is a problem of interface integration and corresponding measures must be taken. 3.2 Ceramic material applied to the valve Nissan Automobile Research Institute studied that Si3N4 (silicon nitride) thermal conductivity is equal to the thermal conductivity of cast iron (120W/mK). Si,N4N silicon nitride is a mineral obtained by uniformly mixing nitrided silicon powder with various sintering aids and sintering it in a nitrite oxide medium. The sintering technology mainly depends on the purity and particle size of the raw material powder, the auxiliary agent, the sintering temperature, and the vacuum degree of the sintering gas medium. With the advancement of science and technology, Si3N4 (silicon nitride) has become the most suitable material for internal combustion engine valves of motorcycles and other types of vehicles. 3.3 Spraying ceramic piston rings and cylinder liners Spraying ceramic piston rings and cylinder liners has been studied at home and abroad for many years and has achieved great results. According to the experiment and choice in the day: the two best pair of friction pairs of plasma spray ceramics, WC - especially the best in the effect of anti-pulling, see. At present, there is a motorcycle engine in China that uses gallium nitride and boron nitride, spraying method, spraying it on the top of the combustion chamber of the engine, the outer surface of the piston ring and the top of the piston for durability testing. Table 2 shows the physical characteristics of Si3N4 ceramics. The reliability of the Si3N4 ceramics has been greatly improved. The scope of economic fuel consumption has been expanded and exhaust emissions have been reduced. 3.4 Inlaid ceramic valve rocker arm Ceramic ceramic arm rocker is made of silicon nitride, silicon carbide, alumina and other ceramic materials and additives, according to the requirements of the prefabricated parts, and then cast into the metal rocker arm, and finally according to the valve Rocker technical requirements, forming, see. Inlaid ceramic valve rocker arm indicates 3.5 ceramic material tappet structure Happiness 125 motorcycle is a kind of large-scale motorcycle in our country, its engine's gas distribution structure is the central cam tappet structure. A ceramic tappet structure may replace the current tappet. It uses a Si3N4 ceramic sintered in a pressure furnace and has a small internal porosity and high mechanical strength. The thickness of the sheet is 1.5mm, which is disc-like, and the surface of the sliding surface is the raw sugar. 5Mm. Ceramic properties are shown in Table 2 and the structure is shown. The tappet body is made of Ni-Cr-Mo alloy steel, and the residual stress removed after cold forging is normalized and annealed, followed by mechanical processing. The active silver welding foil is sandwiched between the body and the ceramic and brazed in the furnace. From the point of solidification of the brazing material to the room temperature, the amount of shrinkage of the steel is large, and the difference causes the ceramic sliding surface to be convex. The brazed contact surface is quenched with an electron beam, and the brazed portion is not heated, and partial quenching is used. Its advantage is that the use of ceramic flakes can reduce the amount of ceramics; it can eliminate the processing of ceramic surfaces after brazing, thus achieving low cost. 3.6 Application of Fiber Reinforced Ceramics (FRM) In addition to the FRM pistons that have been developed, FRM cylinders have been used in engines that incorporate FRM cylinders. In addition to reliable cylinder and piston wear characteristics, cylinder distortion can be reduced. The use of FRM technology can extend the life of low-to-medium content silicon-aluminum alloy parts and components. It can use many surface treatments, such as HCEP (forging grid), ESP (explosive spray), plasma spray and composite plating. It is applied to a two-stroke motorcycle engine and improves the wear resistance of cylinders, pistons and piston rings. 3.7 Application of Nickel Ceramic Composite Coating (NCC) NCC and silicon carbide forging mirrors use ceramic dispersants to improve surface properties. Infiltration of silicon carbide nickel plating and a part of the NCC type coating, they all contain silicon carbide ceramic particles, can improve the wear characteristics. The NCC coating contains high-grade self-lubricating boron nitride (BN) and wear-resistant and self-lubricating silicon nitride (eg Si, N4 pistons). It adds material to provide greater flexibility while increasing tight fit tolerances between mating components. It has been applied to two-stroke motorcycle engines from Suzuki, Yamaha and Kawasaki. h. The NCC coating provides the ideal combination of surface features for the engine's cylinder liner, piston and piston rings. Its advantages are as follows: There can be no cast iron cylinder liner, the quality is reduced, the cylinder wall temperature decreases, the friction is reduced, and the power and torque are increased; the excellent wear and tensile cylinder resistance is optimized between the piston skirt and the cylinder The wear balance; small clearance between the piston and the cylinder, reducing noise and fuel consumption; good anti-corrosion properties; can prevent the top of the piston carbon deposition, to achieve thermal protection of the top of the piston. With the continuous emergence of new ceramic material products, it will be more widely used in motorcycle engines.
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