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During the months of August to October, it is an ideal time for sowing autumn crops in the south, such as rapeseed, broad beans, green manure, potatoes, and various vegetables that are typically planted in the fall. These crops are often broadcast during this period. Experienced farmers understand that applying phosphate fertilizer is crucial for autumn-sown crops. This practice is based on the relationship between the crops, soil, and fertilizers, and is determined by the biological, chemical, and positional efficiency of phosphate fertilizer itself. Applying phosphate fertilizer strategically can maximize its yield-enhancing effects and ensure scientific and effective use.
Phosphorus is particularly important for certain autumn-sown crops. For example, legumes like broad beans and peas, as well as cruciferous crops such as rapeseed and radishes, are highly sensitive to phosphate fertilizer and require significant amounts. Applying phosphate fertilizer during the autumn planting season helps meet the phosphorus needs during critical growth stages, which supports early maturity, high quality, and increased yield. In soils where phosphorus deficiency is a limiting factor, applying phosphate fertilizer can significantly boost yields. According to agricultural experiments, applying phosphate fertilizer in phosphorus-deficient soil increased rapeseed yields by 44.5 kg per mu, and green manure legumes saw more than a 50% increase in yield. These crops have strong root systems that efficiently absorb phosphorus, leading to higher utilization rates of applied phosphate fertilizer compared to other crops. Therefore, focusing on phosphate application for these crops can enhance their growth and productivity.
Most autumn crops are dryland crops, and under such conditions, the effectiveness of phosphorus is limited. Once winter arrives, microbial activity in the soil slows down, reducing the availability of phosphorus. Additionally, dry soil has low moisture tension, which decreases the movement and diffusion of phosphate, making it less effective compared to waterlogged rice fields. Some dryland crops, like wheat, may not respond well to phosphorus initially but require it during key growth stages such as regreening and tillering. Applying phosphate fertilizer during the dry season helps promote root development and seedling growth, which is essential for crop health and yield. The location of the fertilizer plays a significant role in its effectiveness.
Dry soil also has a strong ability to fix phosphorus. When land transitions from wet to dry, the soil’s permeability improves, pH levels decrease, and oxidation-reduction potential increases, leading to the formation of insoluble iron and aluminum phosphates. This reduces phosphorus availability. As a result, dryland should be prioritized for phosphate application over paddy fields. After re-cultivation of rice, the residual effect of phosphate fertilizer accounts for 75-90% of the applied amount, due to its chemical efficiency.
From a perspective of improving crop resilience, applying phosphate fertilizer after autumn planting helps crops withstand harsh winter conditions, such as cold temperatures and drought. It enhances cell hydration and adhesion, lowers the freezing point, and increases cold and drought tolerance, ensuring safer survival through winter. Winter green manure crops also benefit greatly from phosphate application. Not only are legumes natural phosphorus producers, but phosphate fertilizer enhances photosynthesis, promotes carbohydrate production, and stimulates leaf and stem growth, supporting rhizobium activity and nitrogen fixation. Thus, applying phosphate fertilizer when sowing green manure not only strengthens seedlings but also improves winter hardiness, laying a solid foundation for better growth and higher fresh biomass next year. It's often said that "phosphate boosts nitrogen."
In different crop rotation systems, while not every crop requires phosphate each season, it is essential to apply it to crops that can maximize its benefits. Autumn-sown crops are the best candidates for phosphate application throughout the year. When applying phosphate fertilizer, it is recommended to mix it with organic fertilizers or ammonium bicarbonate. During autumn planting, it is typically applied as a base fertilizer using methods like spot or strip application. A general dosage is about 20-25 kg per mu, applied at a depth of 6-10 cm. Additional applications of 3-5 kg of phosphate fertilizer mixed with fine dry soil can be used for seed placement. Combining base fertilizer with seed fertilizer, along with shallow and deep application techniques, ensures optimal results.