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A recent field survey revealed that certain varieties of field corn, such as 2325, 3.00, and 0.13%, exhibited symptoms like small tassels, reduced or absent branching, and in some cases, no pollen production. These issues were observed in Tiansui, where the plants showed signs of corn top rot. If left unchecked, this condition can lead to poor pollination, resulting in barren ears or "flowering" ears, which significantly reduces crop yield.
**First, Understanding the Disease**
Corn top rot is a relatively new disease that has emerged in recent years, affecting corn from the seedling stage through maturity. In later growth stages, the leaves above the ear turn white and dry, while the ear itself becomes small, with few or no branches. The tassels may be absent or underdeveloped, and pollen production is either minimal or nonexistent. Affected plants often remain firm, but their ears are small and contain fewer kernels. In severe cases, tassels may become deformed, fail to emerge, or result in empty stalks.
The disease can occur throughout the entire growing season, but its symptoms are most noticeable before and after tasseling. The pathogen spreads through soil, infected plant debris, and seeds, with seed-borne bacteria being a major factor in long-distance transmission. Wind and rain can also carry the pathogens, leading to secondary infections. The disease thrives in conditions of heavy rainfall and high humidity, with an optimal temperature range of 25°C to 30°C. Soils that are clayey, low-lying, overwatered, or watered too early are more prone to infection. Years with excessive rainfall contribute to higher soil and air moisture levels, further promoting disease development.
**Second, Prevention and Control Measures**
1. **Chemical Control**: Early intervention is crucial. Apply a 50% carbendazim wettable powder solution diluted at 500 times, or a 70% thiophanate-methyl wettable powder solution at 600 times, or a 75% chlorothalonil wettable powder solution at 800 times. Repeat the treatment every 5–7 days for 2–3 applications.
2. **Foliar Fertilization**: Combine chemical treatments with foliar sprays of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, humic acid-based fertilizers, and brassinolide. These help replenish nutrients, support plant recovery, strengthen plant health, and improve stress resistance, thereby reducing the impact of the disease.
3. **Leaf Removal to Promote Tassel Development**: For severely affected plants where tassels cannot develop properly, carefully cut the leaves above the tassels using clean scissors. This helps the tassels emerge normally. Remove and dispose of the cut leaves to prevent further spread of the disease.
4. **Artificial Pollination**: For less severely affected fields, use a simple method involving two bamboo poles and a rope to manually transfer pollen. Adjust the height of the rope to about 20–30 cm below the ear to ensure effective pollen distribution. For more severe cases, collect pollen from healthy, disease-free plants and perform artificial pollination. Choose fresh silks without signs of pollination, and use appropriate tools like bamboo or cardboard tubes to apply the pollen directly onto the silks.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can effectively manage corn top rot, reduce yield losses, and maintain healthier crops.