Heavy Steel Rail on a railway or railroad, also known as the permanent way, is the structure consisting of the rails, fasteners, railroad ties (sleepers, British English) and ballast (or slab track), plus the underlying subgrade. It enables trains to move by providing a dependable surface for their wheels to roll upon.
Tee Rail & Light Rail
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Tee rail sections are used in a wide variety of applications ranging from transit authority systems to Heavy haul railways.
Light rail sections (85 lb/yd and less) are used for mining, industrial, and crane applications.
Weight
Head width
A
Heigh
H
Base width
B
Web
S
lb/yd
kg/m
in.
mm
in.
mm
in.
mm
in.
mm
American sections
141RE
140.68
69.79
3 1/6
77.79
77/16
188.91
6
152.40
11/16
17.46
136RE
135.88
67.41
215/16
74.61
75/16
185.74
6
152.40
11/16
17.46
133RE
133.25
66.10
3
76.20
71/16
179.39
6
152.40
11/16
17.46
132RE
131.66
65.31
3
76.20
7 1/8
180.98
6
152.40
21/32
16.67
CB122
122.50
60.77
215/16
74.61
625/32
172.24
6
152.40
21/32
16.67
119RE
118.67
58.87
221/32
67.47
613/16
173.04
51/2
139.70
5/8
15.88
115RE
114.68
56.89
223/32
69.06
6 5/8
168.28
51/2
139.70
5/8
15.88
100RE
101.50
50.35
211/16
68.26
6
152.40
53/8
136.53
9/16
14.29
100ARA-B
100.56
49.88
221/32
67.47
541/64
143.27
59/64
130.57
9/16
14.29
100ARA-A
100.39
49.80
2 3/4
69.85
6
152.40
51/2
139.70
9/16
14.29
90ARA-A
90.00
44.64
2 9/16
65.09
5 5/8
142.88
51/8
130.18
9/16
14.29
ASCE85
85.00
42.17
2 9/16
65.09
53/16
131.76
53/16
131.76
9/16
14.29
ASCE80
80.00
39.68
2 1/2
63.50
5
127.00
5
127.00
35/64
13.89
ASCE60
60.00
29.76
2 3/8
60.32
4 1/4
107.95
41/4
107.95
31/64
12.30
ASCE40
40.00
19.84
17/8
47.62
3 1/2
88.90
31/2
88.90
25/64
9.92
ASCE30
30.00
14.88
111/16
42.86
3 1/8
79.37
31/8
79.37
21/64
8.33
ASCE25
25.00
12.40
11/2
38.10
2 3/4
69.85
23/4
69.85
19/64
7.54
ASCE20
20.00
9.92
111/32
34.10
2 5/8
66.70
25/8
66.70
1/4
6.40
European sections
UIC 60
121.64
60.34
2.93
74.30
6.77
172.00
5.91
150.00
0.65
16.50
UIC 54
110.41
54.77
2.84
72.20
6.26
159.00
5.51
140.00
0.63
16.00
S54
109.95
54.54
2.76
70.00
6.06
154.00
4.92
125.00
0.63
16.00
S49
99.65
49.43
2.76
70.00
5.87
149.00
4.92
125.00
0.55
14.00
A recent field survey revealed that certain varieties of field corn, such as 2325, 3.00, and 0.13%, exhibited symptoms like small tassels, reduced or absent branching, and in some cases, the tassels could not be extracted. These plants showed little to no pollen production, a condition known as corn top rot. If left unaddressed, this disease can lead to poor pollination, resulting in barren ears or "flowering" issues, which significantly impact corn yield.
**First, Understanding the Disease**
Corn top rot is a relatively new disease that has emerged in recent years, affecting corn plants from the seedling stage through maturity. In later growth stages, the leaves beneath the ear turn white and dry, while the ear itself becomes small, with few or no branches. Pollen production is either absent or severely reduced. Affected plants may appear healthy but have underdeveloped ears with fewer kernels. In severe cases, tassels may become deformed, fail to emerge, or result in empty stalks.
The disease can occur throughout the entire growth cycle of corn, but it is most noticeable just before and after tasseling. The pathogen is primarily spread through soil, infected plant debris, and seeds, with seed-borne bacteria being a major factor in long-distance transmission. Infected plants also release spores that can be carried by wind and rain, further spreading the disease. The optimal conditions for disease development are high humidity, heavy rainfall, and temperatures ranging between 25°C and 30°C. Soils that are clayey, low-lying, overwatered, or watered too early are particularly susceptible. Years with excessive rainfall often see increased disease prevalence due to higher soil and air moisture levels.
**Second, Prevention and Control Methods**
1. **Chemical Control**: In the early stages of infection, applying fungicides such as 50% carbendazim WP diluted at 500 times, 70% thiophanate-methyl WP at 600 times, or 75% chlorothalonil WP at 800 times can help manage the disease. Apply these solutions every 5–7 days, repeating the treatment 2–3 times for best results.
2. **Foliar Fertilization**: Combine chemical treatments with foliar applications of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, humic acid-based fertilizers, and brassinolide. These supplements help replenish nutrients, promote recovery, strengthen the plants, and enhance their resistance to stress, ultimately reducing yield losses.
3. **Leaf Pruning to Promote Tassel Development**: For severely affected plants where tassels cannot fully develop, carefully cut the leaves above the tassel using scissors. This helps the tassel emerge more easily. Remove the pruned diseased leaves from the field and dispose of them properly.
4. **Artificial Pollination**: For less severely affected fields, use a simple method involving two bamboo poles and a rope. Attach the rope to both ends of the poles, and two people walk parallel along the rows, keeping the rope about 20–30 cm below the ear. This helps distribute pollen more effectively. For more severe cases, collect pollen from healthy nearby plots and perform artificial pollination.
- **Collecting Pollen**: Choose a calm, sunny day without strong winds. After the morning dew has dried, typically between 9:00 AM and 11:00 AM, collect pollen by gently shaking the tassels into a plastic bucket. Avoid using metal tools, as they can reduce pollen viability.
- **Selecting Silks for Pollination**: Use fresh silks that are still green and not yet fertilized. If the silks are too long, trim them to about 1.5 cm. If they are brown or wilted, they are likely already fertilized and do not need additional pollination.
- **Making a Pollinator**: Use a small tube made of bamboo or cardboard (about 15–20 cm long and 2–3 cm in diameter). Seal one end with gauze or velvet and fill it with collected pollen.
- **Applying Pollen**: Gently tap the pollinator against the silks of the under-pollinated ears to release the pollen directly onto the silk.
By implementing these strategies, farmers can effectively manage corn top rot, reduce yield losses, and improve overall crop health.