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Common dyes used in wool dyeing include acid dyes (such as strong acid and weak acid dyes), acid medium dyes, 1:2 metal complex dyes, reactive dyes, and Lanna spray dyes. Each type of dye has a unique chemical structure and properties, which influence how they interact with wool fibers and other dyeing assistants. These differences affect the dyeing speed, dye uptake, and diffusion within the fiber, leading to variations in color development and uniformity. As a result, the suitability of a dye for low-temperature dyeing depends on its chemical characteristics and reactivity.
Currently, research and application of low-temperature dyeing have been conducted both domestically and internationally. However, only a limited number of dye types are commonly used for this process, which highlights the need for further exploration and innovation.
Leveling, color fastness, and dyeing efficiency are the three most critical factors in wool dyeing. While low-temperature dyeing can enhance the dyeing rate at lower temperatures, it often poses challenges in achieving even color distribution. This is because the reduced temperature may limit the dye's ability to diffuse uniformly throughout the fiber. Therefore, attention must be given to the leveling issue during low-temperature dyeing. Unfortunately, many studies on low-temperature dyeing tend to overlook this problem, focusing instead on speed and cost-effectiveness.
Color fastness in low-temperature dyeing includes resistance to sunlight, washing, perspiration, and rubbing. To fully evaluate the performance of a dye, it is essential to test multiple aspects such as color reproduction, exhaustion rate, and fiber penetration. These factors are closely related to the type of dye used and the dyeing temperature. Thus, a comprehensive evaluation of the dye’s performance across a range of temperatures is necessary to ensure consistent results.
Previously, most information on wool dyes was based on boiling dyeing conditions. However, the effectiveness of these dyes at different temperatures remains uncertain. Therefore, more research is needed to understand how dyes behave under low-temperature conditions and whether they can deliver the same quality of results as traditional methods.
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