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Common dyes used in wool dyeing include acid dyes (such as strong acid and weak acid dyes), acid medium dyes, 1:2 metal complex dyes, reactive dyes, and Lanna spray dyes. Each type of dye has unique chemical structures and properties, which affect how they interact with wool fibers and other dyeing assistants. This leads to differences in dyeing speed, dye uptake, and diffusion within the fiber. As a result, the suitability of dyes for low-temperature dyeing depends on their compatibility with the process. Although research on low-temperature dyeing has been conducted both domestically and internationally, only a limited number of dyes are currently used effectively, which highlights an area that requires further development.
Leveling, color fastness, and dye exhaustion are key factors in evaluating the performance of dyes. Low-temperature dyeing aims to enhance the dyeing efficiency at lower temperatures, but it often poses challenges in achieving uniform color distribution. Therefore, leveling is a critical issue that must be addressed when working with low-temperature dyes. While some studies have explored this aspect, most research has overlooked the problem of uneven dyeing. Additionally, color fastness—covering factors such as light exposure, washing, perspiration, and rubbing—must be thoroughly tested. These properties are closely related to the type of dye used and the temperature at which dyeing occurs. Hence, it's essential to evaluate dye performance across a range of temperatures, especially in terms of color reproduction and dye exhaustion.
Previously, most information on wool dyes was based on boiling dyeing conditions. However, the effectiveness of these dyes at different temperatures remains uncertain. Further investigation into their behavior under various temperature conditions is necessary to ensure consistent and high-quality results.
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