Analysis: the phenomenon of common stone diseases and maintenance methods

Understanding the Lithology and Physical Properties of Stone

When working with stone, it's essential to analyze its lithology and physical characteristics. Stones come in a wide variety, each with unique mineral compositions, chemical properties, and structural features. Broadly speaking, rocks can be classified into three main types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. In terms of chemistry, they are often divided into silicate and carbonate rocks.

Silicate rocks include granite, diabase, syenite, and hornfels, while carbonate rocks consist of marble, limestone, and travertine. Understanding these properties helps determine how resistant the stone is to both chemical and physical weathering. This knowledge is crucial for selecting the right type of stone for different applications and ensuring long-term durability.

Analyzing Common Stone Diseases and Their Causes

Modern stone applications face several chemical-related issues, such as water stains, rust spots, efflorescence, discoloration, and organic contamination. These problems can affect the appearance and integrity of the stone over time.

Water stains typically occur when the stone has high water absorption and lacks proper protection. Rust spots, on the other hand, result from the oxidation of iron within the rock. Ferrous iron (Fe²⁺) becomes unstable when exposed to oxygen, forming ferric iron (Fe³⁺) and leading to rust formation.

Discoloration, especially yellowing, is common in stones with low chemical stability, like travertine. Air pollutants such as sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with calcium oxide in the stone, causing discoloration. Similarly, volatile components from adhesives and coatings during installation can also contribute to this issue.

Efflorescence appears after wet installation methods, primarily due to alkali salts from bonding materials. Dry hanging techniques can prevent this problem. Water stains are also more likely with wet methods, but dry installation minimizes their occurrence.

Prevention and Treatment of Common Stone Diseases

1. Rust Stains

To prevent rust spots, apply an oil-based protective agent after processing the stone. This helps block iron minerals from oxidizing and appearing on the surface. For existing rust stains, use a specialized rust remover, but always test it on acid-sensitive stones like marble first.

2. Water Stains and Wet Marks

Preventing water stains involves using resin injections to make the stone waterproof. This reduces moisture exposure and limits chemical reactions. For treatment, infiltration dyes can help restore the original color. Wet marks are a persistent issue in stone conservation and require careful attention.

3. Baihua (Tear Stains)

Baihua is commonly caused by residual chemicals or improper cleaning. To prevent it, apply an impregnating sealer to all six sides of the stone after processing. When treating, rinse the surface thoroughly with water and neutralize it before drying and sealing the joints.

Rust removers and cleaners should be oxygen-based and mild to avoid damaging the stone. For hotels with high traffic, using a hardening agent like Dolby 2000#3000 can enhance the stone’s surface hardness and shine. After application, the stone can be walked on within an hour and driven on after 24 hours. A second application improves results, but avoid applying too thickly at first.

If the stone is heavily damaged and loses its gloss, polishing with Dolby polishing powder and f66 glazing agent is recommended. The polishing powder contains fine particles that gently oxidize the surface without acids. Hand polishing is ideal for small areas like bathrooms and kitchens, while machine polishing works best for large matte surfaces.

Before polishing:

• Ensure the surface is clean, dry, and free of protective agents.
• Use a neutral cleaner if needed to prepare the surface.

During polishing:

• Apply polishing liquid and sprinkle an equal amount of powder onto the surface—about half a spoon per square foot.
• Use a 100-140 lb grinder with white nylon and wool pads, working in 6-8 square feet sections until the shine is restored.

This process can polish approximately 200 square feet per 0.5kg of powder. After finishing, clean the area with water to reveal a bright, crystal-like finish.

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