Ways to save people in fighting fires in high-rise buildings

Fire scene rescue refers to the use of various equipment and technical and tactical methods by firefighters to evacuate and rescue people on fire from a siege or other threats to a safe area, or to change the survival environment of trapped persons to avoid casualties. action. China's public security fire brigade clearly requires in fire fighting operations: to implement the goal of saving people first and to fight annihilation with accuracy, speed, and concentration of troops. This fully embodies that the fire brigade puts the lives of rescuers first in fire fighting operations, and it also embodies the idea of ​​putting people first.

At present, with the rapid development of the social economy, especially the advancement of science and technology and the continuous development and application of new materials and new processes, the number of high-rise buildings has also grown rapidly, and gradually developed toward modernization and large-scale development. According to statistics, there are only 207 high-rise buildings in Wusong area where the author is located, and more than 6,000 buildings in Shanghai. High-rise buildings are complex in structure and function, dense in personnel, and limited in evacuation channels. After the fire, a large number of people are trapped. Failure to evacuate the trapped people in a timely and effective manner will cause mass deaths and injuries. How to implement the concept of "people-oriented, life-oriented", effective evacuation and rescue of the trapped people in the fire is a problem that the fire brigade needs to study and urgently solve. The author talks about how to carry out multi-channel rescue in the fire fighting of high-rise buildings. Some ideas for exchange.

1. Correctly understand the relationship between saving people and extinguishing fires.

As a commander on the fire site, you must keep a clear head in dealing with the relationship between saving people and extinguishing fires, be thoughtful, and accurately handle the relationship between saving people and extinguishing fires.

(1) Saving people is the primary task of fire fighting. Some people are threatened by fire, smoke, explosion, poisoning, corrosion, radioactivity, and collapse on the fire scene. When there is danger to life, removing the danger and actively rescuing lives are the primary tasks of the fire brigade. The fire commander should organize the combatants to rescue the trapped people as soon as possible. Adhere to the guiding ideology of saving people first and minimize casualties.

(2) In order to save people, put out the fire first. When the fire is not quickly controlled or extinguished, and the danger is not ruled out, it will increase the number of trapped casualties or the rescue of the trapped people, or in other words, the rescue of the personnel cannot be organized without firefighting. Under these circumstances, the fire commander should quickly organize forces to control or eliminate the fire extinguishing potential, eliminate the dangerous situation, provide survival conditions for the trapped people, and actively complete the rescue and fire fighting tasks.

(3) Rescue and fire fighting are carried out simultaneously. When the task of saving people at the fire site is not heavy, the fire commander should organize the main force to save people on the one hand, and deploy the remaining forces to put out the fire on the one hand, so as to save and extinguish the fire.

2. Adopt reasonable and effective search and evacuation methods. The use of various search and evacuation facilities is the focus of evacuation personnel.

(1) Through fire detection, understand the location or number of fires, and give priority to the evacuation of people trapped in the fire, and then evacuate the people above the fire and the fire below. If conditions permit, they should be evacuated to the ground. In an emergency, it can be temporarily evacuated to the building roof platform. If the exit passage is blocked by flames and smoke, the rescue force of the fire brigade is inadequate, the trapped people are old and frail, and they cannot walk down many stairs or the emergency is not allowed to evacuate a large number of people, etc., can be in the refuge floor (room), etc. Temporary refuge areas shall be established at the site;

(2) Use various methods to search for and find trapped persons. A number of reconnaissance teams must be dispatched to quickly search for trapped people everywhere according to the information they have. In particular, places that are easy to hide should be searched carefully, such as toilets, washrooms, under the bed, behind the door, etc .; use special equipment such as life detectors, thermal imaging cameras, etc. to search for trapped people on the fire, improve the search efficiency; use search and rescue dogs Unique ability to search and rescue personnel on fire; for high-rise buildings such as hotels and hotels, with the cooperation of floor attendants, check each room's occupancy records one by one, and ensure that they are not neglected.

(3) During the evacuation, the subjective initiative of the employees in the building should be fully mobilized, and the advantage of their familiarity with the inside of the unit should be used to organize their evacuation guidance work for the trapped people. The evacuation guidance should be divided into pieces, and the evacuation channel should be used nearby to prevent confusion caused by personnel crossing;

(4) Actively play the role of various evacuation facilities (equipment). Fire-fighting commanders should make full use of the video monitoring system inside the building, grasp the area and location of the evacuation personnel inside the building, and communicate with the evacuation team through building intercom phones and other equipment, implement comprehensive control and dispatch, and effectively allocate the evacuation teams Tasks, give full play to the effectiveness of the evacuation channels, avoid evacuation confusion; use the building ’s internal broadcast system to guide, stabilize the trapped people ’s emotions, and ensure the orderly evacuation work; to maximize the use of fire elevators, evacuation stairs, outdoor stairs , The functions of facilities (equipment) such as fire-fighting ascending vehicles, descenders, etc., and strive to evacuate trapped persons in the shortest time.

3. Actively adopt various cooperative measures to ensure the smooth implementation of the evacuation work.

(1) To effectively implement smoke exhaust at the fire site and create conditions for the evacuation of personnel. In order to increase the visibility inside the building and reduce the harm of high-temperature smoke to trapped persons, it is necessary to flexibly use fixed fire-fighting facility smoke exhaust, natural smoke exhaust, spray water flow exhaust smoke and smoke exhaust mechanical exhaust smoke according to the actual fire site. Methods to reduce the content of toxic and harmful gases inside the building, to form a safe environment inside the building, so that trapped personnel can find evacuation channels and safe exits in time, and carry out evacuation operations smoothly.

(2) Water gun positions should be set up to open evacuation channels. When the internal passages and safety exits of the building are blocked by fireworks and trapped persons cannot be evacuated, the method of combining fire water cannons and water guns should be used as far as possible to open up evacuation and rescue channels and cover the evacuation of personnel. Whether the water supply system inside the building is used or the water is supplied by a fire truck, the water supply of the water guns that cover the evacuees must be uninterrupted.

4. The method and location of finding trapped persons.

On fire, trapped people often hide out of their self-help instincts, causing difficulties in rescue work. Therefore, fire extinguishers on the fire site should carefully look for those who were besieged or injured by the fire.

(1) Ways to find trapped people. 1. Ask insiders. Understand the basic situation of trapped people (such as number, gender, age, location, etc.), and determine the ways and methods of rescue of trapped people. 2. Actively shout. When the firefighters were not wearing protective masks, they shouted into the burning area where there might be trapped persons, evoking the reactions of the trapped persons, so as to quickly find the location of the trapped persons. 3. Search. Firefighters use tools such as lighting fixtures and probes to enter the room to find trapped persons. The search should start along the surrounding walls, and should be searched for cubicles, kitchen cabinets, bathrooms, under the bed, etc., so as not to miss. After searching a place, leave a mark, such as turning the chair over, laying the mattress on the bed, etc., to avoid searching the same place multiple times and delaying the time to save people. When the indoor temperature of the building is too high to enter, a long-handle tool can be used to extend through the doors and windows to explore. Fainted people are often found near the doors and windows. 4. Instrument detection. Search for people with thermal imaging cameras, life detectors and other instruments. 5. Use search and rescue dogs to find personnel.

(2) Find the location of trapped persons. When entering the burning area to rescue trapped personnel, firefighters should carefully look for the following locations: corridors, passages, stairs, windows, balconies, washrooms; beds, tables, cabinets (cabinets), toilets, kitchens, corners, Under the window, behind the door, etc.

5. The method of saving people.

Firefighters enter the fire scene to save people, and take the following different rescue methods according to the degree of threat to the trapped persons by the fire and danger and the actual situation of the trapped persons.

(1) Corridors, stairs, doors, etc. in the floor are blocked by fireworks, and when trapped persons cannot escape, firefighters can raise the fire ladder and lift fire truck and set them up on the windows, balconies, and roofs where trapped persons are located. Fire traps, fire trucks, rescue bags, descenders, etc. will rescue trapped persons.

(2) When smoke and flames trap people in the building, firefighters use a water gun to avoid an evacuation route that can evacuate trapped people to a direct outdoor safety exit; they can not be evacuated all at once, and they can also guide trapped people Move to a nearby fire place or refuge, and then evacuate.

(3) Firefighters should guide those trapped in the fire site who can walk on their own to evacuate; old, weak, sick, disabled and wounded persons and children who cannot walk on their own should be rescued from the fire by means of back, carrying, lifting, holding .

(4) When it is necessary to pass through the burning area to rescue people, firefighters can cover the rescued person or his head with wet clothes and bedding, and cover it with mist water to prevent burns by flame or radiation.

6. Relevant requirements and precautions.

(1) When rescuing people trapped on the floor, when setting up a fire ladder to their location, warn and stop them from swarming up to avoid accidents such as falling of people and the overturning of vehicles (ladders).

(2) When the trapped personnel are evacuated from the high floor to the ground along the fire ladder or ladder truck, the firefighters shall be protected with a safety rope around their waist; or they shall be escorted down the ladder by the firefighters.

(3) Rescue trapped persons from the burning area. When encountering heavy smoke, firefighters and trapped persons should adopt low posture or creeping; for trapped persons who cannot walk, firefighters should carry them on their backs and crawl forward to leave Danger zone.

(4) Firefighters entering the burning area to rescue people should bring walkie-talkies, safety ropes, breaking tools, lighting lamps, oxygen (air) breathing apparatus, and thermal insulation suits to protect themselves.

(5) The rescued personnel shall be checked and checked to ensure that the trapped personnel are rescued safely, and the rescued personnel shall be prevented from returning to the burning area.

(6) In addition to on-site first aid, injured persons should be promptly sent to the hospital for rescue if necessary.