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1. Small sputum worms (1) Harmful symptoms. Divided into red and yellow. The larvae lurk in the hulls to suck the granules of the grain being grouted, causing glutinous grains and empty shells. In the big year, the whole field can be destroyed and the particles are not harvested. (2) Characteristics of the disease. Both types of larvae occur every year, and there are many years of dormancy in larval larvae, so there are many generations. The mature larvae are rounded in the soil for wintering and summering. In the middle and upper reaches of the Huanghuai River Basin, the overwintering larvae in the middle of March rose to the soil surface. At this time, the wheat was mostly in the jointing stage, and in the middle and late April, a large number of mites were formed. The peak of the pupa was from April to early May, and after the emergence of adults, The value of the wheat heading and flowering period, followed by a large number of eggs. Adults in the northwestern region are mostly in the middle of June. In the same area, the growth period of the yellow worm is slightly earlier than that of the wheat larvae. Adults will be mated and laid on the same day or the next day. The red-sucking worms will produce eggs between the wheat spikes and the spikelets that have not been raised, and one to three to five, and the egg stage is 3 to 5 days. The yellow-sucking worm is prolific in the inner and outer buds of the newly-faced head-earing wheat cultivar and its side pieces, and 5 to 6 grains are produced in one place, and the egg stage is 7 to 9 days. After the larvae hatch, they are transferred to the husks and attached to the ovary or freshly grouted granules to absorb the juice. The larvae are 3 years old and last for 15 to 20 days. After the mature larvae are harmed, they climb to the husk and the awns, and fall with the raindrops, dew or automatic bombs on the soil surface, and drill into the soil for 10-20 cm for the wintering. . (3) Control methods. Agricultural control: Select wheat varieties with tightly-shaped panicles, long and dense hairs inside and outside, thick seed, and difficult to drain out. Carry out the rotation and avoid the insect source. Chemical control: the density of larvae in the soil was investigated. 1~2 pieces of representative wheat fields were randomly selected and 10~10cm×20cm small tops were randomly selected, 7~10 pieces. After mixing evenly, take 1/7～1/10 Pour the soil into the bucket, add water to stir, precipitate, pour the mud into the copper sieve, filter the muddy water, and then pry off the debris on the sieve, check the insects left on the sieve, and repeat the panning several times. , check the insects. In the early stage of wheat heading, a net catch adult insect survey (30 cm in diameter of the insect catching net mouth) was carried out in the wheat field, and the net was collected 10 times to record the number of insects. When the wheat field has more than 5 insects per small average, it needs to be controlled. In the early stage of wheat heading, there are 10 to 25 adult insects in the average net catch, and immediate control is needed. The prevention and treatment time is suitable for the mid-season period, and the adults are used for auxiliary control. 200 ml of 50% phoxim emulsifiable concentrate and 5 kg of water were added. They are sprayed on 20~25kg of fine soil, and they are mixed into toxic soil, and they are ploughed and applied to the soil. 2. Wheat leaf blight (1) Harmful symptoms. It mainly damages leaves and sheaths, and sometimes also damages the ears and stems. Oval light green lesions first appeared on the film, and later gradually expanded into irregular yellow large lesions. The black granules are scattered on the lesions, that is, the conidia of the bacteria. Generally, it is caused by the lower leaves and gradually develops upward. In late autumn and early spring, the bacteria invade the root canopy of the host, and the lower leaves die, causing the plants to weaken and even die. (2) Characteristics of the disease. In the winter wheat area, the pathogens are over the summer on the wheat residues or on the seeds, and in the autumn, the seedlings are invaded, and the main body of the bacteria overwinters on the diseased plants. In the spring of the next year, the pathogens produce conidial transmission hazards; in the spring wheat area, the conidia and mycelium of the pathogens overwinter on the wheat residue, and conidia transmission hazards occur after spring wheat sowing in the coming year. It is advantageous for the spread of this disease under conditions of low temperature and high humidity. Different varieties have different resistance to leaf blight. (3) Control methods. Select disease-resistant and disease-resistant varieties; deep-cut cockroaches, remove diseased bodies, eliminate self-produced wheat seedlings; farmyard fertilizers are applied after high-temperature stacking. Heavy disease fields can be considered for rotation; Datian sprays, in the field of heavy disease, sprayed with carbendazim, methyl thiophanate or triadimefon. 3. Wheat total erosion (1) Hazard symptoms. Also known as black foot disease, mainly harmful to wheat, barley, corn and other grass crops, is a devastating disease, is listed as a domestic phytosanitary object. After the wheat is susceptible, the tiller is reduced, the rate of ear formation is reduced, and the weight of 1000-grain is reduced. The light yield is reduced by 10% to 20%, and the weight is reduced by more than 50%, or even the harvest. The disease spreads faster and it takes only three years from sporadic to large occurrences without any measures. (2) Characteristics of the disease. Wheat total etch disease is a kind of root rot and base rot disease, which can occur in the whole growth period of wheat. The pathogen only infects the root and stem base 1 to 2 knots. After the onset of seedlings, the plants are dwarfed, the lower yellow leaves are more, the tiller is reduced, similar to drought and lack of fertilizer, the primary roots (seed roots) and rhizomes (ground stems) become dark brown, which can cause the whole plant to die. The term "total eclipse" is used to describe the state when the seedlings are seriously damaged. During the jointing stage, the winter wheat disease seedlings had slower greening and less tillering, and most of the roots of the diseased plants turned black. The grayish black mycelium layer appeared on the base of the stem and inside the leaf sheath. After heading, the diseased plants clustered or flaky in the early stage, and the diseased roots became black and easy to pull up. The base of the stem and the sheath of the stem are covered with a dark brown mycelium layer, which is in the form of a "black foot". The posterior color is darkened in the form of a black plaster, which is covered with a dark brown granular granule shell. When the soil is dry, the characteristics of black feet and black plaster are not obvious, and no ascospores are formed, but the stem base and roots become dark brown and white spikes appear. "Black feet" and "white ears" are symptoms specific to the adult stage. (3) Control methods. Agricultural control: Strengthen plant quarantine, strictly prohibit planting from ward, prevent disease from being introduced, and protect disease-free areas. The diseased field should be single-receipt, and the harvested wheat is strictly prohibited from planting, and the wheat straw and wheat bran cannot be directly returned to the field. It is best to harvest the sorghum, and then the diseased stalk is pulled out and burned to minimize the source of the bacteria. For seriously ill plots, rotations can be implemented, and rotations such as wheat vegetables and wheat cotton can be implemented to cut off the accumulation of total pathogens and control the development of the disease. It is necessary to apply decomposed organic fertilizer, increase the application of phosphorus, potassium fertilizer and ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, and rationally irrigate the water in the field after heavy rain. Chemical control: seed treatment, each 10kg of wheat seeds are seeded with 50g of biological agent "corrosion" (mainly composed of Bacillus fluorescens). When seed dressing, first soak the wheat seeds, mix the ingredients evenly, and dry them to sow them. The serious plots can increase the dosage. Or, every 10 kg of wheat seeds are coated with 2 to 20 g of a 2.5% celite suspension coating agent. It can also be smeared with 12.5% ​​of the flavonol (the oxazolol) wettable powder or the 2% rickett (teconazole) wettable powder. When seed dressing or coating, it is necessary to strictly control the dosage so as not to affect the emergence of seedlings. Datian prevention and control, according to the test, on the basis of the use of "eclipse" seed dressing in the sowing period, in the wheat greening jointing stage, every 667 square meters with "eclipse" 170g water 50kg irrigation roots, the effect is better. When filling the root, the worker-negative-16 sprayer can be used to remove the gauze pack nozzle from the nozzle, and a small airflow is used to water the root along the wheat ridge. With 20% triadimefon EC, 100ml per 667 square meters of water to 50kg of water, there is also a certain control effect. 4. Wheat stalk smut (1) Harmful symptoms. When the wheat grows to about 3cm high, the symptoms can appear. In the stems, leaf sheaths, leaves, etc., a strip of spores parallel to the veins appears in part, and the spores are slightly bulged, initially white, and then turned grayish to black. When the diseased tissue is ripe, the spores pile up and split, emitting black powder, namely teliospores. The diseased plants are often dwarfed, deformed or curled, and most of the diseased plants can not be eared, curled in the sheath, or the deformed ear is extracted, the flowers are not real, or only the mites. The diseased plants have more tillers, and sometimes the number of ineffective tillers can reach more than 100. (2) Characteristics of the disease. Wheat stalk black powder teliospores are mainly transmitted through soil, manure and seeds. The pathogen infection method is infested by the seedling system. When the teliospores are germinated, the hyphae invade the wheat buds to the growth point. The occurrence of wheat smut smut is related to the soil temperature during wheat germination. Generally, the soil temperature can be infested between 9 and 26 °C, but the soil temperature is about 20 °C. In addition, the incidence rate is also related to the soil water content, and the incidence of dry plots is generally higher than that of plots with high humidity. (3) Control methods. Use resistant varieties. The drug is treated with seeds, and the powder is washed with rust. 50 kg of seeds per 667 square meters, seed dressing with 75% rust rust 150g or 100% rust rust 100g. 40% seed dressing double seed dressing 2% seed dressing, this is limited to spring wheat area, winter wheat area is easy to cause phytotoxicity. 5. Wheat rust (1) Hazard symptoms. Strip rust is mainly harmful to wheat leaves, and electricity can damage leaf sheath, stem and ear. The summer spore heap is arranged in a dotted line on the leaves, fresh yellow, small spores, long oval shape, and spores rupture and sprinkle powdery spores. Leaf rust is mainly harmful to leaves, leaf sheaths and stems are rare, summer spore heaps are scattered on leaves, orange-red, spores are medium-sized, round to long oval, summer spores generally do not penetrate the leaves, occasionally penetrate the leaves, The summer spore heap on the back is also smaller than the front. Stalk rust mainly harms stems and sheaths, and can also damage the ears. The spores of the summer spores are scattered and irregular, dark brown, large spores, and long oval. The ability of the spore-spore heap to penetrate the leaves is strong. The spore heap can appear on the front and back of the same infection point, while the spore heap on the back of the leaf is larger than the front. (2) Control methods. Agricultural control: planting disease-resistant varieties according to local conditions, this is the basic measure to control wheat rust. After the wheat is harvested, it will be ploughed and smashed in time to eliminate the self-produced wheat seedlings and reduce the source of the summer bacteria. Do a good job in the rational layout of disease-resistant varieties in the region, and cut off the route of bacterial source transmission. Chemical control: For the plots where the autumn seedlings are severely affected, use 15% of the powdery rusting wettable powder 60-100g or 12.5% ​​of the fast-protecting WP. Use 50g of seed dressing per 50kg of seeds. Be sure to mix dry, stir well, strictly control the amount of the drug, and the concentration will slightly affect the emergence of the seedlings. In the field prevention and control, in the autumn and early spring, the disease center is found in the field, and the spraying control is carried out in time. If the diseased leaf rate reaches 5%, the severity is below 10%, use 15% of the rust WP WP for each 667 square meters or 20% of the rust emulsifiable concentrate for 40ml, or 25% of the rust WP for every 667 square meters. Use 30g, or 12.5% ​​Fubao WP for 15~30g per 667m2, spray 50~70kg of water, or spray 10~15kg of water for low volume. In the disease epidemic year, if the disease leaf rate is above 25% and the severity is more than 10%, it is necessary to increase the dosage, depending on the severity of the disease, spray with a concentration of 2 to 4 times the above amount.
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