Engine experts show you all kinds of trendy engines

The composition of the engine - the cylinder head <br> When it comes to the engine, we will start with the composition of the engine. Many people will say that the engine is not the engine. The engine is a part of the vehicle. I don't know that the engine is made up of many blocks. These blocks are all indispensable, and this time they are introduced in large blocks.
The locomotive engine is more sophisticated than the car engine and has more features. The locomotive engine can be divided into three parts, from top to bottom, the combination of cylinder head, cylinder and gearbox. The reason why the locomotive engine is more complicated and more precise is that the locomotive engine must be small and light. The most important thing is that the locomotive engine contains the gearbox, and the car engine is separated from the gearbox. In contrast, the car engine is simple. too much.

The operation of the cylinder head is mainly responsible for the intake and exhaust, so the circular intake valve and the exhaust valve can be clearly seen by removing the cylinder head. The number of valves varies from factory design to the original design. The most basic is the two-valve, one for the air intake and the other for the exhaust. The four-valve valve is two intake and two exhaust valves, but there are also special designs such as two-in-one three-valve, and three-in and five-out five-valves.

Cylinder head body
The circular valve in the cylinder head is the intake and exhaust valve, the large valve is responsible for the intake air, and the small valve is responsible for the exhaust.
The number of valves can determine the efficiency of intake and exhaust. The more the number of valves, the better the combustion efficiency, and the better the performance of the vehicle at high speed. If the same person's lung capacity is greater, his activity will be stronger. Therefore, under the same exhaust volume, the tail speed of the vehicle using the four-valve will be higher than that of the second valve.
The cylinder head plays an important and striking role in the composition of the engine, because the cylinder head is at the upper end of the combustion chamber, and the temperature of the exhaust gas after combustion is extremely high. If the heat resistance and durability of the valve are not good, it is easy to cause The tragic situation of the burning of the valve.
The schematic diagram of the inlet and outlet valves in the cylinder head is the piston below the four valves.

The composition of the engine - cylinder and gearbox
The work of the cylinder is much simpler. The cylinder body is mostly quadrilateral. The shape is different from the design and the design, but the same is that there will be a cylinder space in the body. This part is the original appearance of the cylinder. The work of the cylinder is very simple, that is, the space for holding the oil vapor. The cylinder is like an empty tank. When the valve is inflated, the oil and gas will be introduced into the cylinder. Therefore, the cc number of the engine is the cylinder volume. The larger the cylinder volume, the larger the cc number of the engine. There is a piston in the cylinder, and the piston can move up and down in the cylinder. When the oil and gas explode in the combustion chamber, a strong force will push the piston from the upper end of the cylinder to the lower end. At this time, the crankshaft connecting rod connecting the piston can rotate the crankshaft to generate power.
The cylinder body is like an empty can, and the hollow cylindrical space is where the piston is placed.

Piston body

There are shifting gears in the gearbox, which allow the vehicle to shift gears with different gear ratios. The shifting gear will eventually push the front sprocket of the drive, which transmits power to the rear wheels. Because the gearbox must be loaded with gears, it is bulky and the heaviest part of the engine.

Difference between four strokes and two strokes
We often hear four-stroke and two-stroke engines. Many people probably only know that the two-stroke horsepower is large, gasoline is mixed with oil, and it is easy to spray white smoke. What is the difference between the second and fourth strokes?
The engine stroke is the upward or downward movement of the piston when the engine is burning. Taking the four strokes as an example, the steps of burning once are the four strokes of intake, compression, explosion and exhaust. The second stroke is to take the intake and compression into one stroke, and the explosion and exhaust are one stroke, so the four-stroke engine is the explosion of the crankshaft twice, and the second stroke is the explosion of the crankshaft once per revolution. From this difference, it can be understood that under the same exhaust volume, the engine efficiency of the two strokes is twice as high as that of the four strokes, and the performance is naturally that the two strokes are better than the four strokes.

The GP125 is the only remaining two-stroke group in the GP event, but it is about to enter history.
Since the engine efficiency of the second trip is so good, why do many automakers decide to stop production of the second trip, and even the Taiwan regulations have strictly prohibited the two-stroke new car from listing? This must return to the point of view of environmental protection. The efficiency of the second trip is double that of the four strokes. In theory, the horsepower will be doubled, but the fuel economy of the second stroke is not efficient, and the power loss caused by poor combustion efficiency is deducted. The horsepower of the second trip is about 0.5 times that of the four strokes. However, the key point is the problem of poor combustion efficiency, which will result in excessive fuel consumption and irregular emissions.
Some people think that it is a pity that the second-stroke engine will be eliminated. In fact, it doesn't have to be so pessimistic. Because of the poor combustion efficiency of the two-stroke engine, the engine's exhaust capacity cannot be too large, because the larger the displacement, the more obvious the poor combustion condition, which is why the two-stroke engine model The reason why the displacement is mostly small. Compared with the four-stroke engine, it has a good combustion efficiency and can be set to a large displacement. It is also possible to create a powerful engine power with a large displacement. Therefore, it is not surprising that the two-stroke engine will gradually disappear.

The four-stroke is already the mainstream of major events, which will directly affect the direction of the car factory.

Water-cooled, oil-cooled and air-cooled <br> In addition to the engine type, there are often people who talk about the difference between a water-cooled engine and an air-cooled engine. These different engine cooling methods are also closely related to the type of engine.
As the name suggests, water-cooled engines use coolant to cool the engine, so the water-cooled engine has two main components: the water-cooled drain and the water tank. The water tank is filled with coolant. Some people used distilled water as the coolant. The boiling point of the water is 100 degrees, and the temperature of the engine is higher than Baidu. Using water as a coolant may cause the water to boil and affect the cooling. The effect will also accelerate the rust of the tank. Dedicated coolant is now used, and the coolant is more resistant to freezing than the heat, which increases the cooling efficiency.
The principle of the water-cooled engine is that during the operation of the engine, the coolant will be pumped into the water channel set in the cylinder by the water pump. When the water flows through the cylinder, the heat is taken away, and finally the water-cooled row is contacted by the heat-dissipating fins to let the air pass. The heat source on the fins is taken away. Such a continuous cycle can stabilize the engine temperature, but the water-cooled engine has a disadvantage. When the vehicle is stationary, the water-cooled row cannot hit the wind, causing the water-cooled row to be unable to dissipate heat, and the water temperature will rise linearly, even if there is a cooling fan, its performance is limited, especially It is the red light of Taipei City that has a very high number of seconds. Stopping the red light will actually make the temperature of the water-cooled car too high.

In the oil cooling system, the oil cooling circuit of the oil cooling, in the figure is the cooling diagram of the CB1100.
Many people are unclear about oil-cooling and air-cooling. Generally, vehicles with oil-cooled platoons are actually air-cooled. Since it is an air-cooled car, how can there be oil-cooled platoons? At present, many cars with oil-cooled platoons are mainly designed to stabilize the working temperature of the oil, so the oil is directly discharged from the pump into the oil-cooled row to dissipate heat. But doing so only reduces the oil temperature and does not reduce the temperature of the cylinder and cylinder head. Perhaps the oil is still slightly dimming, but it can't take away the heat source of the engine itself. The engine still needs to rely on the fins on the cylinder to cool down. So this type of engine is still an air-cooled engine.
Is there really an oil cooling system that uses oil cooling? The answer is yes. Recently, a new car just uses an oil-cooled engine. HONDA's CB1100 uses an oil-cooled system, but the cooling effect of the oil is still not as cold as water, so the engine body still has fins. As for the classic oil-cooled car, SUZUKI's GSX-R1100 is mentioned. This oil-cooled sports car is a classic in the minds of many experienced players.
As for the air-cooled engine, it is quite simple. The engine is simply cooled by air. Therefore, the single-cylinder engine will have huge heat-dissipating fins to increase the heat dissipation efficiency.

The biggest feature of the air-cooled engine is that there are many fins for heat dissipation around the cylinder.

The huge cold row behind the fork is the original appearance of the tank.

The oil-cooled row of purely cooled engine oil is characterized by a much colder discharge area than the water-cooled row.

Some cars have water-cooled systems and gas-oil cooling systems, and DUCATI's STREET FIGHTER is such a design.

Single-cylinder engine <br> Single-cylinder is the most basic type of engine, with one cylinder and piston responsible for engine operation. The single-cylinder engine is mostly used for small and medium-sized exhaust vehicles, and it is mostly in the speed. The single-cylinder engine is widely used because of its simple construction, convenient maintenance and low price. For example, lawn mowers and generators are mostly single-cylinder engines.
Because of the low cost of the single-cylinder engine, many vehicles that use single-cylinders are also more affordable. Unfortunately, because only one live race is responsible for the engine operation, the speed cannot be pulled too high. The operation of a single piston is already very difficult. If the engine speed is increased, it is very likely that the load will be too large and the durability will be affected. Therefore, the single-cylinder engine is mainly used for vehicles with high torque, such as commercial vehicles, commuter cars or skid and off-road vehicles. The common feature of this type of car is that the user does not need much horsepower, but needs enough torque, so the single-cylinder engine becomes a priority. As long as the speed is not high, the single-cylinder engine has good durability.
Single-cylinder engines still have special cases. In the two-stroke era, single-cylinder sports cars have also been popular. For example, the current GP125 uses a single-cylinder two-stroke engine and can squeeze a relatively high speed. Of course, the engine is only used for competition. Durability will not be the main consideration. However, it is worth noting recently that the GP125 will be converted to a four-stroke 250 Moto3, requiring a four-stroke, single-cylinder 250cc engine. At present, manufacturers have announced the prototype of the Moto3. Although the speed has not been disclosed, it has been determined that the engine can squeeze 40hp. It is reasonable to suspect that this is a high-speed engine. Under the continuous advancement of technology, the single-cylinder high-speed engine is likely to be used in commercial vehicles.

Characteristics of a single-cylinder engine <br> The biggest characteristic of a single cylinder is that the engine vibration is very obvious. Because the single piston operates independently, the piston will produce significant vibration when pushed up and down. For the problem of vibration, some engines will be equipped with a reverse horizontal and horizontal axis, which is countered by the reverse pushing principle of the balance shaft. Since this balance shaft can only reduce a small amount of vibration, the effect of improving the congenital problem of excessive vibration of the single-cylinder engine is limited, so that even if the engine with the balance shaft is installed, the rotation speed setting cannot be too high. The vibration of the engine is too large, and it is much more difficult to increase the speed. It is precisely this factor that the depot has installed a single-cylinder engine in a non-sport type.
Although the single-cylinder engine has a problem of excessive vibration, it also has its own advantages. Because the engine is operated by only one piston, the engine's dynamic response is very sensitive. As long as the throttle engine can respond quickly, with the high torque setting, it is suitable for off-road vehicles and skid tires. In addition, the single-cylinder engine itself is simple in construction and lighter in weight than the multi-cylinder engine. Therefore, all the well-known off-road vehicle brands are mainly single-cylinder engines. Such as the well-known KTM, Husqvarna, SUZUKI's DRZ400, these main models in all kinds of cross-country races, all use a single-cylinder engine. So in the world of SUPERMOTO, it is dominated by a single-cylinder engine.

The single cylinder has the characteristics of high response and high torque, which is very suitable for off-road vehicles.
Parallel twin-cylinder engine
The inline twin-cylinder engine is an extended version of the single-cylinder engine, with two cylinders and pistons, and the rest is similar to a single-cylinder engine.
The parallel horse-cylinder engine can output more horsepower than a single cylinder, but the engine's horsepower and torque still depend on how the car factory makes settings. With the same displacement, the reason why the horsepower can be higher than the single cylinder is that the two pistons can cancel each other's vibrations when they are in operation. After the vibration is reduced, it is much easier for the engine to pull up the speed, so the parallel horsepower of the twin-cylinder engine is higher than that of the single-cylinder engine.
Vibration reduction is only one of the reasons. The main reason is the parallel two-cylinder engine. Because it is composed of two cylinder heads, cylinder and piston division of labor, with the same displacement, the burden of the parallel two-cylinder single piston is only half of the single-cylinder piston. . Therefore, when the higher speed is pressed, the loss of the piston and the cylinder is also lower than that of the single cylinder. This feeling is like pushing the same stone. It is easier for two people to push than one person. It is much simpler to push faster.
Although the maximum horsepower of the parallel twin-cylinder engine is higher than that of a single cylinder, it has no complicated structure, so the cost of the parallel twin-cylinder engine is not too high, and the size of the engine itself is not too large, so the parallel two-cylinder engine multi-device In the commuter car or speed keda.

The two-cylinder engine is a little larger than a single cylinder and the construction is equally simple.
The characteristics of the parallel twin-cylinder engine <br> The vibration of the parallel twin-cylinder is indeed smaller than that of the single-cylinder engine, but the vibration feel is very obvious, only to a lesser extent than the single-cylinder engine, and the exhaust sound and the single-cylinder engine are very Similarly, riding a side-by-side twin-cylinder engine feels like riding a single-cylinder car that won't shake.
Since the parallel twin-cylinder engine is capable of squeezing higher revs, a depot will be equipped with a two-cylinder engine on a small-displacement sports car. KAWASAKI's NINJA 250R is the best example.
Another advantage of the parallel twin-cylinder engine is that the engine is only a little larger than a single cylinder, so it is suitable for small and medium-sized models. Recently, the parallel two-cylinder engine has become the mainstream of the large-speed quick-kart. Because of the design of the car body, the Scooter is unable to place an oversized engine, so the single-cylinder engine has been the mainstream in the early days. As the Scooter's exhaust volume is getting larger and larger, the single-cylinder engine with excessive vibration and insufficient horsepower is not suitable for large displacement design, and the engineer then shifts the target to the parallel twin-cylinder engine. The most successful case is the T-MAX500 from YAMAHA, which uses a parallel two-cylinder water-cooled engine. More importantly, the T-MAX500 has successfully brought the advantages of the parallel twin-cylinder engine to the T-MAX500, making the T-MAX500 a super-sports car in the world. Until now, major manufacturers have introduced more large-capacity speeds, and these vehicles also use parallel twin-cylinder engines. Even the concept of Concept C, which was released by Milan this year, is only a concept oil-car. But BMW has already announced that the Scooter will be equipped with a parallel twin-cylinder engine to catch up with this wave of large-scale speed.

The KAWASAKI VERSYS650, which uses a parallel double cylinder, is the representative of a medium-sized utility vehicle.

Hippie cars also have models that use parallel twin-cylinders.
Parallel three-cylinder engine <br> The parallel three-cylinder engine is juxtaposed by three cylinders, and the engine body is also larger than the parallel two-cylinder engine. The parallel three-cylinder engine has a low visibility, which is between the parallel four-cylinder and the parallel two-cylinder. In parallel with the performance of the three-cylinder engine can create high horsepower, the parallel two-cylinder engine mentioned above is not suitable for high speed, but after extending into a three-cylinder engine, the running speed is much higher than the parallel two-cylinder engine. In line with the continuous advancement of engine technology, the three-cylinder engine can be assembled on a medium-weight supercar. The parallel three-cylinder engine seems strange, but in fact, such a design can have many advantages. First of all, the shock of the engine is much smaller than that of the parallel double cylinder. It is not difficult to set the speed to a high speed. It is undoubted that it can be exchanged for high horsepower with a high turn. Then comes the inherent advantage of the three-cylinder itself, that is, it can maintain enough torque, while both horsepower and torque can be taken into consideration, the development of the three-cylinder is much broader.
However, it seems that while the two are at the same time, the torque cannot be as large as a single or double cylinder, but the horsepower cannot be as large as a four-cylinder. Therefore, in this positioning, the parallel three-cylinder engine has become a special design for a few car manufacturers. However, the use of the parallel three-cylinder engine is still highly praised by many knights, and the three-cylinder sports car beat the four-cylinder car in many races to achieve excellent results.

Three-cylinder engine gearbox

Parallel three-cylinder engine characteristics
It can be known from the theory that the parallel three-cylinder engine should have a horsepower between the two-cylinder and the four-cylinder. The vibration is smaller than the two-cylinder engine but it cannot press the speed compared with the four-cylinder. These inferences seem to be gradually overturned. The most classic example is the Triumph sports car Daytona675. This three-cylinder middleweight sports car really brings shock, because the technology of the three-cylinder engine continues to advance. Under the ignition and various adjustments, the characteristics of the three-cylinder engine are very close to the parallel four-cylinder car, although the highest horsepower can not Competing with the four-cylinder car, but the full torque is not available in the four-cylinder car. Under such conditions, the vehicle's response and sensitivity have performed well, so that Daytona675 can beat the Japanese four-cylinder car in European competitions. Every year, the MONSTER BIKE evaluation, Daytona675 also won the 600-class championship for two consecutive years. Although the exhaust volume is more than 600cc, it is not because of the 75cc that it can win.
The inline three-cylinder engine configuration can be used in portrait orientation in addition to lateral placement. The Rocket III with a displacement of up to 2300cc in the Ttiumph is placed vertically. Because the engine's weight is too large, coupled with the large displacement to make the engine's inertia more obvious, the vertical position can avoid the car body is too wide, and can avoid inertia affecting the ride. So the three-cylinder engine has a good development.

The excellent performance of Daytona675 has become a rare three-cylinder monster in the sports car world.
The real three-cylinder monster Rocket III is an uncompromising acceleration king.

Parallel four-cylinder engine
The parallel four-cylinder engine is currently the most widely used multi-cylinder engine and the technology is very mature. But the early parallel four-cylinder engine was a very rare high-tech product, not to mention the locomotive.
The parallel four-cylinder engine is composed of four cylinders. Because the structure of the parallel four-cylinder is complicated, the cost is also much higher than that of the general engine. The reason why this engine will become mainstream is because the performance of the engine is quite excellent, and different engine characteristics can be created by different adjustments.
The complication of the four-cylinder engine is how to arrange the four cylinders, so the ignition setting is especially important. Different ignition settings have different characteristics, but because four cylinders operate simultaneously, the vibration of a parallel four-cylinder engine is much smaller than that of a parallel three-cylinder engine. It is not surprising that there is less vibration and can create high horsepower, and it can correspond to a large displacement, and it is not surprising that the four cylinders can become the main engine.

The anatomical schematic of the four-cylinder engine is the history of which car is in-line four-cylinder locomotives. This is going back to the 1969 HONDA CB750. The first to use the in-line four-cylinder CB750 was an epoch-making initiative at the time. In the era of dual-cylinders, the in-line four-cylinder locomotive is like a high-tech crystallization. Because of the high technical threshold and expensive construction, the CB750 became the most advanced locomotive at that time. The smooth engine output and good durability let the world see the excellent performance of the in-line four-cylinder engine. Until today, looking back at the CB750, there is no sense of obsolescence, which also makes the Japanese car factory have it. The reason for advanced four-cylinder technology.

Four Mars plugs are visible on the four-cylinder engine and four cylinders below.

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